Capital Punishment Essay -- Crime Jail Death Penalty Essays

The death penalty Since the commencement of man, the punishment of death was given to lawbreakers who violated the law. The death penalty is the outrageous punishment for wrongdoing (Compton's) is still being used today in numerous nations. A criminal can be condemned to death for different wrongdoings. Much more were the strategies used to execute, many being pitiless and unordinary. There have been numerous discussions on whether to cancel capital punishment. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages to this confused issue. The death penalty is being used for some reasons and has been implemented from numerous points of view consistently. The censured detainee waiting for capital punishment may have violated the law, yet does that give us the option to end the life of another individual? Â Â Â Â Â Why have we utilized capital punishment? Capital punishment for all time expels culprits from our general public and keeps the executed criminal from proceeding with his criminal profession (Hollywood Studio). We kill in urgent expectations that these executioners and attackers won't have the option to strike once more, killing or assaulting progressively honest casualties. By and large, the criminal has overstepped the law, yet in the event that he is let off effectively and sneaks past the framework, he may go out and perpetrate the wrongdoing over and over. Capital punishment is a definitive discipline; it gets the point through and shows the exercise that society won't set up with the individuals who overstep the law. It is an undeniable discipline and rules out recovery of the lawbreaker. Recurrent guilty parties must be shielded from violating the law again. They have gotten their opportunities to apologize and change. The main other approach to stop recurrent gu ilty parties is to just kill them (Electric Chair). Why not simply sentence them to life detainment? Life detainment simply isn't as successful as the Death Penalty since it isn't as serious and unforgiving (KSCOffices). Life detainment is delicate and just prevails with regards to evacuating the criminal for a specific measure of time. Life detainment is additionally over the top expensive. The criminal who overstepped the law ought not be permitted to mooch cash off the framework, getting warming, garments, in-entryway plumbing, and three dinners every day, while a vagrant has nothing and has not hurt anybody. It costs generally $30,000 every year to keep a detainee in prison, and numerous individuals don't feel it merits their cash to keep Capital offense hoodlums alive. We utilize capital punishment to show a thing or two t... ...Punishment and the Disadvantaged. Wisconsin: Gary E. McCuen Publications, Inc., 1997. McCuen, Gary E., and R.A. Baumgart. Resuscitating the Death Penalty. Wisconsin: Gary E. McCuen Publications, Inc., 1985. Isenberg, Irwin. The Reference Shelf: The Death Penalty. New York: H.W. Â Â Â Â Â Wilson Company, 1977. Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia. Compton's NewMedia, Inc., 1994. Webster's Concise Encyclopedia. Sofsource, Inc., 1996. Clark, Richard. A few Thoughts on the Death Penalty. [Online] Available http://ourworld.compuserve.com/landing pages/capital_punishment-UK/homepage.html, May 14, 1998. No Author. The Electric Chair. [Online] Available http://www.theelectricchair.com//index.htm. May 8, 1998. No Author. Techniques for Execution. [Online] Available http://www.dos.state.fl.us/fgils/organizations/fcc/reports/screen/methmon.html/, May 8, 1998. Weight watcher, Richard C.. Capital Punishments in the Past: Capital Punishments. [Online] Available http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Studio/3015/cap.htm, July, 1998. McNamara, Colleen. The death penalty [Online] Available http://www.keene.edu/KSCoffices/upward/cappun.htm. Keene State College Upward Bound, 1997.

Problem Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issue Identification - Essay Example Lack of social insurance experts in clinics is as of now perhaps the best test for Hallways medical clinic the board. Foyers emergency clinic has been encountering the test of lack of medical attendants for some time now, and the suggestions appear to be influencing the association harshly. The principle contributing element towards the lack of medical caretakers in Hallways emergency clinic has been the poor compensation for the attendants. Regardless of having numerous assignments to act as far as offering types of assistance to patients, the medical attendants never get appropriate compensation that is equivalent to the exertion they put in their work. With the poor compensation, a dominant part of understudies joining compositions like to seek after different courses that they accept offer preferable compensation over the medicinal services division . The lack of human services experts in the medical clinic happens, notwithstanding the social insurance industry developing at the pace of 2.5% quicker than different businesses every year (Cowen and Moorhead, 2011). The lack of medicinal services experts has had extreme ramifications for the emergency clinic. To start with, with the couple of quantities of attendants, there is the part of workaholic behavior the medical caretakers, making them exhausted. This has thus added to poor help conveyance to patients, which has thus influenced the hospital’s notoriety (Buerhaus, Straiger and Auerbach, 2009). Besides, taking into account that, the lack of attendants is a difficult that cuts over the human services industry, obtaining of the medical attendants has become a convoluted issue. Securing of medical caretakers necessitates that one can offer suitable compensation and better workplace with better motivating forces. Dominant part of social insurance experts require ceaseless preparing so as to empower them upgrade their aptitudes and information relating to the arrangement of better and best medicinal services administrations (Huston, 2009). This necessitates anybody utilizing the medicina l services experts give

Why We Need Essay Collections Now More Than Ever

Why We Need Essay Collections Now More Than Ever The essay collection has always been the open door to new ideas. Offering a buffet of food for thought, essays are the vehicle for dynamic perspectives and passions that can often go on to inspire in their reader something previous undiscovered, such as a new way of perceiving the world, a reignited drive for wider change, or maybe just a well-worded phrase to print on an encouraging poster. The range of topics that the essay collection can cover is endless, too. Do you want a meditation on the process of writing as a jaunt to the Underworld? Check out Margaret Atwood’s Negotiating with the Dead. Maybe you’re interested in reading more about feminism and resisting racism? Audre Lorde’s Sister Outsider is a cornerstone compilation of emphatic, powerful calls to action that everyone should read. The View from the Cheap Seats is even a window into Neil Gaiman’s thoughts on art, reading, and more. Whatever your interest, however niche, the essay collection is here for you when you have questions about the world. This type of writing also has the added benefit of providing a simulation of getting to know their authors personally. In curling up with these books, we become privy to the intimate machinations of great minds, are suddenly companions in conversation, and can put a part of their mind on our shelves â€" and that’s just really fun. “You have such interesting ideas, Ursula K. Le Guin, acclaimed author of The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction,” we can say to our book. “I’m so glad you’ve trusted me with them.” It is easy, then, to see how the humble essay collection is the tool we need to keep shouting above the noise of injustice. Additionally, the rise of independent publishing opportunities with intersectional and inclusive aims crucially transfers important, previously unheard ideas into the hands and minds of readers. This connects and constructs communities: no longer will ideas belong solely to academic institutions, to elite symposiums, but to book fairs and book clubs and even indie zines on Etsy stores. There is undeniable power in passing along the thoughts of another, in learning and discussing how or if they reflect your own views, and how you can then embody or even challenge them. These conversations are why, now more than ever, essay collections are needed to combat the rising tide of oppression and hostility that we are still seeing on the news and even in our streets. This is especially relevant to essay anthologies with a determinedly political edge, which compile varying perspectives and opinions on a certain theme or experience from a range of writers. These anthologies offer the reader a chance to understand and interact with a range of discussions and viewpoints that reveals the depths of a singular theme. They also write against conformity, to resist stereotypes, to form independent, crucial spaces in the world. The essay collection therefore offers writers and readers the chance to assume agency and own words that may have previously been taken away or spoken over. Plus, the inherent diversity of voices, the invitation to consider new things and develop a nuanced understanding of the ways of the world, all helps in our ongoing pursuit of empathy in an increasingly divided and cynical world. Despite how great it is to have access to so many different people and opinions on our timelines every day, as we become not only aware of how the world works but also able to develop international friendships, it’s still easy to feel alone or disorientated by the sheer mass of content. However, the wealth of voices woven throughout the humble essay collection proves that we’re in it together. It unites the passion of disparate tweets into an organised catalog to pour over and enjoy. Here are some recent nonfiction anthologies that collect these powerful voices and offer their reader the opportunity to go through that open door toward new ideas and new ways of thinking. These essay collections prove that the fight against injustice is far from over, but we can now be heard and write our way out of the boxes we may have been confined to. Becoming Dangerous: Witchy Femmes, Queer Conjurers and Magical Rebels edited by Katie West and Jasmine Elliot This collection of essays presents multiple perspectives on what it means to embrace the occult and the monstrous as part of radical acts against heteropatriarchal limitations. From instructions for how to resist capitalist demands to musings on how playing and developing video games offers the opportunity for us to process our internal struggles in an endless open space to meditations on our connection to the natural world in an ever-increasingly metropolitan, industrial landscape, this collection is a must-read for people interested in the magic of everyday determination. The Fire This Time edited by Jesmyn Ward A relevant and timely collection of reflections on race in contemporary America, Ward’s anthology of essays is a momentous text that refuses passivity and ignorance, instead demanding your attention and a fighting spirit. Reacting to James Baldwin’s 1963 assessment of race in the United States, entitled ‘The Fire Next Time’, Ward’s compilation includes personal memoirs and sharp commentaries on the past, present, and future of the country’s racism to demonstrate the necessary confrontation of the truth, however violent and bleak, in order to break oppressive systems apart. The Bi-ble edited by Lauren Nickodemus and Ellen Desmond Each essay in this collection offers important reflections on the state of bisexual experiences in modern queer spaces, as well as comforting reassurance and shared wisdom that is not only immediately relatable, but also inspiring. It covers fan fiction communities, bisexuality in history, and the frequency of â€" and resistance to â€" bi erasure, illuminating the unique and multidimensional experiences of LGBT people. This intelligent and accessible collection puts the spotlight on a community that refuses to become invisible â€" and the second volume, New Testimonials, is out, too! She Called Me Woman edited by Azeenarh Mohammed, Chitra Nagarajan and Rafeeat Aliyu This resilient collection combats the erasure of queer women in Nigeria by providing them the space to discuss the multifaceted richness of their experiences:  both the beauty and the harrowing intensity of it. Not so much a collection of essays, but a collection of interviews (what the editors call ‘snapshots’) with anonymous individuals on their realities, this anthology provides a gorgeous and crucial map of queer lives that resists dehumanisation and stereotyping. The Things I Would Tell You: British Muslim Women Write edited by Sabrina Mahfouz This anthology has the added bonus of combining nonfiction essays with poetry and some fiction prose, but all focus on answering the question of what it means to be a British Muslim woman. Speaking out against the increasing hostility that Muslim people are subjected to, and also celebrating their culture, this book is undeniably striking and necessary. Its fierce determination to reclaim and own the voices these women have been denied is passionate and relevant today. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles.

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The One Thing to Do for Essay Topics for O Levels

The One Thing to Do for Essay Topics for O Levels Besides making the notes appear good when readers share them, you may also incorporate calls to action to jointly use the notes within the notes themselves. Thus, you can ask all the essential questions and consult on some points. If you have difficulty finding enough points to back up your stance you need to consider arguing the opposite view it may be easier! It's generally recommended to argue your very own personal viewpoint as it will probably sound more convincing. For example, at the conclusion of your notes, you may include a call to action to listeners to split the episode alongside their favourite lesson from it using a Click to Tweet or similar strategy. Unless the reader can observe the picture they will be unable to relate to the experience. You should likewise be able to catch your readers attention. In each one of the two, you will use a completely different assortment of words. Brainstorm for user researchI dea generation is additionally a good starting point when you do experience research. Individuals can still locate your work online and you must make sure it's written good and mistake free. Time to bring my creation from the dark. Top Essay Topics for O Levels Secrets The variety of resistance is from 5 pounds to 240 pounds, with an available upgrade that raises the quantity of resistance to 440 lbs. Maybe you're on a level, where you wish to explore cloud solutions and find some fundamental experience with it. All kinds of repetition needs to be avoided unless you're deliberately using it carefully for effect. Just continue on thinking simple solutions and opt on a pragmatic financial solution otherwise you must create applications, which can figure out the suitable invoice split which by the close of the day is costly and complicated. The 5-Minute Rule for Essay Topics for O Levels Make note of incorrect answers, together with topics you don't feel confident in your know ledge of. Your introduction, for instance, should match the sort of topic you're given to write on. You might find that lots of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. For instance the format for a debate isn't the very same as that of an official letter. Use transition words to produce your text coherent and simple to read. A number of the title text may also be tough to read, in the event the image underneath has text too. With time it's possible to revisit the articles on any topic and get to learn more details. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. Picking a topic is an essential issue that partly estimates final success of the job. Deciding on an emotional topic is also a great idea. Essay Topics for O Levels Explained A writer is just as great as her ideas. Thus, to compose a great essay you must brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. Very often it becomes hard to choose 1 topic either due to the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. There you will discover the motivation to compose your next major story. If you're worried that you won't have the ability to locate a low-cost essay writing service capable of dealing with your academic papers, we're here to prove you wrong. Be attentive to the size it must be and begin writing the narrative essay outline. As an example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. You can be totally sure your paper is going to be delivered in time and be of the maximum quality.

The Purpose of This Study Free Essays

string(92) " activities even when there is no true physiological dependence or physiological addiction\." THE INTERNET’S EFFECT ON TEENAGERS Joshua Benjamin Mr. Ferraro Cooper City High School Last Revised: January 31, 1999 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of internet usage on a user’s life. Internet addiction is a serious complication effecting America’s teenagers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of This Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now An abundance of support, self-help, and anonymous therapy web sites are available to the public, but there has not been much distinguished attention given to the matter by media other than the Internet. A myriad of collegiate surveys (see references cited) exhibit static results of the Internet’s effect based on the participant’s age, gender, race, and lifestyle. Many people find the Internet to be the ideal place to socialize with others because of it’s faceless medium and effortless ways to find others with similar interests; through the many ways of communication over the Internet, the common prejudices of life are not evident. A significant issue, are the obscured inconveniences one may encounter during their day-to-day internet experiences. As companies ‘snaz up’ their websites more and more, the user is required to wait for more data to download. The common user does not care to wait for all the attractions and wishes to view what that they come looking for, information. Discomfort is endured as the user sits, and waits for minutes at a time as a status bar slowly progresses to the 100% complete mark. Over time, slightly disturbing events such as this build upon one another and it is hypothesized that it can impose on a user’s psychological health over time. Some studies emphasize on internet usage in relation to social and civic interaction. Others highlight the similarities and differences between internet addiction and other addictions. Still others stress on what the user does online and how that affects him or her. One college researcher’s study focuses on Internet users’ in relation to their various daily tasks. He states, â€Å"Buying products cheaper over the Internet is not a big concern of the questionnaire respondents. The Internet seems extremely attractive to the questionnaire participants. Only ten percent decreased their internet usage last year. More than fifty percent answered that Internet use from time to time, often or always replaces watching TV. 0% of the respondents considered themselves as addicted to or dependent on the Internet. The results show a significant difference in the answers from addicted versus non-addicted users. This leads to the conclusion that addictive behaviour can exist in Internet usage. On the other hand, the answers based on the common symptoms of addiction que stions are not so strong in the addicted group that one can speak of an addiction, in which for example continued, persistent use of the Internet appears in spite of negative consequences. (Egger, 1996) Whether the Internet is increasing or decreasing social involvement could have enormous consequences for society and for people’s personal well-being. In an influential article, Putnam documented a broad decline in civic engagement and social participation in the United States over the past 35 years. Citizens vote less, go to church less, discuss government with their neighbors less, are members of fewer voluntary organizations, have fewer dinner parties, and generally get together less for civic and social purposes. At the individual level, social disengagement is associated with poor quality of life and diminished physical and psychological health. When people have more social contact, they are happier and healthier, both physically and mentally. As one might suspect, these activities do not have the same appeal to teenagers and adults alike. The most prominent contrasts by age were not surprising. Teenagers were more likely to use the Internet for schoolwork and for getting educationally-oriented information. It is perhaps less obvious that adults rather than teenagers were more likely to use the Internet to get product information, to purchase items, to read the news, and to view sexually-oriented materials. Teenagers were more likely to use the Internet to play games, to listen to music, and to meet new people. Compared to other groups, both adult women and teenage boys were especially likely to report using the Internet for advertising, for selling, and for making money. † (Kraut, Lundmark, Patterson, Kiesler, Mukopadhyay, Scherlis, Zdaniuk, Thielke, Patterson, 1998. ) Some may view addiction as when a task becomes a necessary part of a user’s life. â€Å"While the online experience can enrich and expand people’s lives, it can also seduce the vulnerable into ignoring the real world. It demonstrates how a bright young man who is doing well in school and who has real-life friends can easily go through a period when things are more interesting on the Net than off. This is what leads him to see his online experiences as a â€Å"genuine† part of his life. He still had a life offline, but at the time of our conversation, events there were not going so well. From this perspective, the comment about real life not being his best window seems a bit less sinister. † (Turkle, 1996) â€Å"Frustration with the sluggish speed of a browser is about the most serious psychological pitfall that most of us face when surfing the World Wide Web. But for as many as five million Americans, experts say, the Internet has become a destructive force, its remarkable benefits overshadowed by its potential to disrupt the lives of those who can’t resist the lure of round-the-clock social opportunities, entertainment, and information. For such people, work, friends, family, and sleep are replaced by a virtual world of chat rooms and games. Only recently, however, have psychologists begun devising strategies to wean on-line addicts from their endless browsing and chatting. † (Potera, 1998) â€Å"While drug and internet addiction have a lot in common, there are, of course, significant differences. Drug addiction is a physical dependence whereas the Internet is not. The Internet has been called a behavioral addiction. A behavioral addiction is one in which an individual is addicted to an action and not necessarily a substance. People can become addicted to activities even when there is no true physiological dependence or physiological addiction. You read "The Purpose of This Study" in category "Essay examples" This basically means that behavioral addicts do not have any kind of physical dependence to the Internet. Any activity can be addicting if done to extreme. For example, some of the normal everyday activities that can be addicting are jogging, eating, sexual activity, work, etc. Everyone has heard of the workaholic, well that is a behavioral addiction just like the Internet. If it â€Å"changes your emotional state in some way† then it can be classified as a behavioral addiction. This type of addiction is actually very common. Someone with the ability to recognize what type of addiction they have is helpful, but what about those people who don’t even know they’re addicted? Internet addiction, like any other addiction, has signs and symptoms. One sure sign that person is addicted is if they deprive themselves of sleep in order to spend more time on-line. Usually an addict will average less than five hours of sleep. Another sign that someone might be addicted is if they neglect other important activities such as work, family and friends, or socializing in general to surf the Internet. Other symptoms include: losing track of time while on-line, or people close to you complain about the amount of time spent on-line, logging on while already busy with something else (work, family time, etc. ). These are just some of the many signs that point to addiction to the Internet. Once it is determined by the symptoms that a person is addicted, look for side effects of the addiction. † (Cochran, 1996) One individual has evaluated, to quite an extent, the effects of Internet use on a population as well as internet addiction. She has published her conclusive results on the Internet. An excerpt from one of her reports states, â€Å"Especially vulnerable, Young [Dr. Kimberly S. Young, assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh at Bradford] believes, are those who are lonely, bored, depressed, introverted, lack self esteem, or have a history of addictions. Research among sociologists, psychologists, or psychiatrists has not formally identified addictive use of the Internet as a problematic behavior. This study investigated the existence of internet addiction and the extent of caused by such potential misuse. On the basis of this criteria, case studies of 396 dependent Internet users (Dependents) and a control group of 100 nondependent Internet users (Non-Dependents) were classified. The length of time using the Internet differed substantially between Dependents and Non-Dependents. Among Dependents, 17% had been online for more than one year, 58% had only been on-line between six months to one year, 17% said between three to six months, and 8% said less than three months. A total of 83% of Dependents had been online for less than one full year which might suggest that addiction to the Internet happens rather quickly from one’s first introduction to the service. In many cases, Dependents had been computer illiterate and described how initially they felt intimidated by using such information technology. However, they felt a sense of competency and exhilaration as their technical mastery and navigational ability improved rapidly. It is important to note that estimates were based upon the number of hours spent â€Å"surfing the Internet† for pleasure or personal interest (e. g. , personal e-mail, scanning news groups, playing interactive games) rather than academic or employment related purposes. Dependents gradually developed a daily internet habit of up to ten times their initial use as their familiarity with the Internet increased. In contrast, Non-Dependents reported that they spent a small percentage of their time on-line with no progressive increase in use. This suggests that excessive use may be a distinguishable characteristic of those who develop a dependence to on-line usage. (Young, 1996) Astoundingly, internet subscribers and websites continue to proliferate exponentially, as the following excerpt describes, â€Å"The Web currently has about 16,000,000 users a year, with a growth rate predicted as doubling annually. Lycos estimates some 80,000,000 Web pages currently and expects to see the billionth Web page in 1997. Advertisers seem to make money on the Web – at least those selling Web advertising. Jupiter Communications issued a study indicating that Web based advertising revenue reached $312,000,000 in 1996 and predicted $51,000,000,000 by the year 2000. (Searcher, 1997) The Internet’s effect on human culture is much like other forms of technology have exhibited in the past, as one researcher justifies. â€Å"Psychologists are not even sure yet what to call this phenomenon. Some label it an â€Å"Internet Addiction Disorder. † Let’s not forget the very powerful, but now seemingly mundane and almost accepted addiction that some people develop to video games. Video games are computers too†¦ very single-minded computers, but computers nevertheless. Or how about telephones? People get addicted to those too, and not just the sex lines. Like computers, telephones are a technologically enhanced form of communication and may fall into the category of â€Å"computer mediated communication† – as the researchers are dubbing internet activities. In the not too distant future, computer, telephone, and video technology may very well merge into one, perhaps highly addictive, beast. A teenager who plays hooky from school in order to master the next level of Donkey Kong may be a very different person than the middle aged housewife who spends $500 a month in America Online chat rooms – who in turn may be very different from the businessman who can’t tear himself away from his finance programs and continuous Internet access to stock quotes. Some cyberspace addictions are game and competition oriented, some fulfill more social needs, some simply may be an extension of workaholism. † (Suler, 1996 Rev. 1998) One researcher believes the Internet is and continues to become more of a crucially integral part of our lives. There are obvious parallels today. Predictions abound about how the Internet will, or won’t change the way we shop, vote, bank and think. Like the telegraph, its true effects are likely to be subtle, long-term, and no less dramatic in the context of history. The Internet may well take the telegraph one step further, connecting the global community and defining an international ethos. Yet for now, as starry-eyed internet advocates promise spectacular and immediate social change and the occasional skeptic pooh-poohs its impact, the Net’s ability to generate hyperbole and ho-hum reactions seems to be mimicking its revolutionary ancestor. The historical similarities are instructive. † (Harris Adler, 1995) Based on the above literature, the researcher hypothesizes that interactive chat with people, probably would provoke most teenagers’ extreme use of the Internet. Unrestrained use of the Internet should produce a negative effect on those that use it excessively. METHODS There were 125 participating responses which consisted of worldwide Internet users between the ages of 12 and 20 years old. The study was conducted via a survey that was available on the Internet’s World Wide Web, at the address . A link to the survey was placed on a frequently visited website. Approximately 149 responses were received throughout the collection period, 24 of the 149 received were discarded due to incomplete information resulting in the 125 complete surveys used for evaluation. The survey asked questions regarding the subjects’ Internet use and how it affects his or her personal life. Since the survey was conducted online, all entries were by Internet users only. Procedure: †¢ 1. Compose survey in a HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) creator. The answers should be in the outline of form functions (pop-up menu, radio buttons, selection list). Name the file â€Å"survey. shtml†. †¢ 2. Create a warning webpage perchance the viewer is sensitive to material contained in the survey, create a link to the survey (survey. shtml), so the viewer can follow it to the survey. You may want the link to explain that you are not liable if the material harms them. Name the warning page, â€Å"index. html† (the file named â€Å"index. html† is the webpage that is automatically loaded as the default page when someone visits a website). †¢ 3. Find a UNIX-based server for serving the survey webpage. †¢ 4. Upload the warning and survey webpages onto the UNIX server in your website folder using a FTP (file transfer protocol) client. 5. Download the â€Å"TECform† CGI script, available at , then upload it to your UNIX server. The program allows results to be E-mailed to you. †¢ 6. Make a request to the administrator of your UNIX server to setup the TECform CGI script for you. If this cannot be done, follow the instructions that come with the script an d configure it on your own. †¢ 7. Configure the questionnaire webpage using the instructions that came with the TECform script so webpage and the program may interact so the results can be E-mailed to you. †¢ 8. Inform classmates that use the Internet, and Internet users worldwide (via internet chat, newsgroups, and any other form of advertising) of the location of the online survey and request that they complete and submit it. RESULTS The ages of the subjects that participated in the study were in their mid-teens. 98. 5% of the respondents were male and 1. 5% were female. Most of the subjects were age 16 (20%), only 1. 6% of the respondents were age 12. 89. 6% of the subjects currently reside in the United States of America (including it’s external regions), there was also a scant amount of Canadian subjects (7. 0%) and an irrelevant one subject each from the following countries: Japan, Finland, Sweden, and Brazil. The subjects’ unweighted GPAs (Table 1. 2) demonstrated consistency with national statistics; the mean of the subjects’ GPAs were A’s, B’s and C’s, most had a B average. Of the 125 responses, 0% of the respondents had a failing GPA (one t hat rounded to O in the nearest tenth). The amount of respondents with A+ and D grades were about the same; 5. 5% of the respondents had an A+ average; 4. 8% of the respondents had a D average. The study reveals that as connection speed increased (waiting time for a website decreased), the actual time spent online per day increased (Table 2. 1). An average of 5. 33 hours was spent online daily by the respondents (Table 2. 1). Time spent online ranged from a low of 4 hours to a high of 6. 55 hours per day. Intriguingly, the poles of the subjects’ GPAs exhibited quite excessive amounts of time on the Internet, about 7. 7 hours per day (Table 2. 2). Those with A+ grades spent approximately 6. 72 hours online per each day. Those with a GPA score of C spent about 6. 31 hours online per day. Subjects with D grades spent around 8. 7 hours online per day; together the C and D grades’ hours averaged to about 7. 5 hours per day. Again, there were no responses with a failing GPA. As Table 2. 3 explains, about 38% of the subjects replied that they were negatively effected by their Internet use, 62% answered that they were not effected negatively. Notwithstanding, whether they said they were effected negatively or not, the subjects’ context of use is very similar. The two areas of use that differed the most were chat and web surfing. 36% of those that responded â€Å"yes† and 29% of those that responded â€Å"no† said they spent most of their online time in chat. 8% of those that responded â€Å"yes† and 33% of those that responded â€Å"no† said they spent most of their online time surfing websites. The respondents that thought they were effected negatively were the ones that chatted 6% more often and surfed the web 7% less. CONCLUSION The higher speed connection one has to the Internet, the more they can do at a time. One of the fastest connections, 10 Megabyte per second (shared T3) connections are extremely costly (about $25,000 / month) and most plausibly, a subject with access to a T3 would be a part of an educational institute in which the school would pay for Internet access. Figure 1. 1 illustrates that those with higher speed connections use the Internet for longer periods of time. It is a possibility that those who get a ‘rush’ by using the Internet may be prepared to invest in higher speed connections. Figure 1. 2 illustrates that those who create Internet media spend the most time online per day and those who read newsgroups spend the least amount of time online per day. Internet users that create internet media most likely spend their full time online doing so, as opposed to others who use multiple areas of the Internet in their sessions. Subjects that mainly chat online also spend a great deal of time online (5. 5 hours/day). This backs up the hypothesis which puts forth that internet chat instigates a habit. As Figure 1. 3 conveys, most of those who create internet media (such as websites and advertisements) do not think that their Internet use affects their health negatively, it is sound to gather that they do not believe it affects them negatively because they may consider their use as part of their job. Figure 1. 3 also indicates that those who think they are effected egatively by the Internet generally chat more often than those that browse the World Wide Web. It can be assumed that those who chat excessively believe that their Internet use affects their life in a negative way. Thus, the researcher’s hypothesis is correct. This is striking, the Internet’s exponential growth first began with the popularity of America Online and it’s chat rooms. The Internet was not perceived to be used social ly for chat as much as it is today. The majority of subjects do not think their Internet use has a negative effect on their social habits or emotional well-being (Figure 1. ). This is typical, heeding that any type of addiction is seen as an abnormality among a civilization. However, there was a definite group that believe it does effect them negatively. If these teenagers proceed with their net habits and current circumstance, a major disorder may develop over ensuing years. The study provides an awareness to the community regarding overuse of the Internet among the emerging society of adults. It points out the different components of the Internet that the majority of teenage addicts are liable to obsess on. Overuse of the Internet can genuinely restrain teenagers’ experiences in life, their performance academically, overall happiness, and physiological well-being. The term ‘addiction’ is used loosely in this study; withstanding, society’s perception to this growing problem can be flexible depending on how varieties of people view the definition of addiction. The WordNet dictionary defines addiction as, â€Å"being abnormally dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming. † One researcher has termed the study of internet addiction as â€Å"Psycho technology. The Internet most certainly can be psychologically habit-forming, becoming a part of one’s daily practices. To improve this study, the researcher would have restricted the ages of the subjects even slimmer, perhaps to ages 16-18. Also, the researcher would have redefined certain questions on the survey for worthier comprehension among the subjects, in particular t he final one which stated, â€Å"Does your internet usage affect your social or mental health in a negative way? † A more appropriate question could have been, â€Å"Do you believe your internet usage may obstruct the achievement of your personal goals? Then a separate follow up, â€Å"If so, do you think using the Internet is worth more than achieving your goals? † The researcher suspects the results regarding daily use may have been biased because the link to the survey was placed on a website that could be categorized as directed to more advanced users than basic or intermediate. This, however, cannot be confirmed, the results stand rational. Lastly, the researcher suggests including a personal comment field in the survey, quotes of intensely effected users would be a good addition to the study. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Notably, I thank the respondents of the survey for taking the time out of their active day to fill it out completely and in their best efforts, without you, this study would be completely inaccurate and not worthwhile. Second, I thank my parents for fully supporting my interests and pursuits. I also thank Dr. Young and Carnegie Mellon University for publishing their research, studies, and links to other articles on the Internet. Thanks to Rob J. Meijer for programming the comprehensive script used to process the survey results. Acknowledgements to Apple Computer, Inc. for developing a stable system and word processor to work in without fear of losing my manuscript (though I still save the document every 20 seconds). Finally, Mr. D. Ferraro for providing an abundance of answers to my countless questions and hours of helpful input. I hope each and every Internet user finds my study helpful to their enrichment and studies. REFERENCES CITED Internet Behaviour Questionnaire and Addiction Egger, 1996 HomeNet Project Study by: Kraut, Lundmark, Patterson, Kiesler, Mukopadhyay, Scherlis, Zdaniuk, Thielke, Patterson, Carnegie Mellon University, 1998. The Psychology of Cyberspace Turkle, 1996 Trapped in the Web Psychology Today; Potera, 1998 Research Over Internet Addiction Cochran, 1996 Internet Addiction: The Emergency of a New Disorder Dr. Young, 1996 Internet/Web Growth Exponential as Usual Searcher, 1997 Psychology of Cyberspace – Computer and Cyberspace Addiction Suler, 1996 revised 1998 Creation of a E-nation Canadian Geographic; Harris-Adler, 1995 WordNet Dictionary – Version 1. 6 How to cite The Purpose of This Study, Essay examples

Lost Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Lost reaching back for something that isn't there you suddenly feel you no longer care your once soft feelings are hard as stone and in your decisions you are now alone pages ripped out of your book of life the same as being stabbed with a butcher knife there's no direction, don't know who's the boss you feel alone, you feel so lost from an A to a C student you have turned the ripped out pages have now been burned you lost your smarts and you lost your mind you feel stuck out, a one and only kind everything sucks, but still you try to find yourself an alibi some good dirrection must soon be found or you'll be six feet underground without a hope, without a chance your life is gone in one quick glance you picked the wrong door and must pay the cost of being confused, and yet still lost you see a relative, you see a saint this beautiful sight makes you faint love is overwhelming, fear is out of sight you squeeze your loved ones, you hold them tight then everything suddenly begins to fade you find yourself in a very different place then a ghostly figure approaches you but his color is RED, not BLUE your temperature quickly begins to rise a lake of tears fill into your eyes you've heard of this place, you know it well you're stuck down in the pits of hell the figure tells you to sin, whenever and not to trust anyone, never he says to be mean, to talk in ugly words after all the word live is evil spelled backwards then, once again, things fade in a hurry everything then becomes all blurry a new, bright light shines into your eyes it's the kind of thing that makes you cry you wake to see the morning sun the visions and figures you saw are gone it seemed so real, but I'm glad it's not because now I'm thankful for what I've got no need to be scared, it was just a dream just take a breath, you must redeem though you can tell you're home by the morning frost you still have no direction, you are still lost Poetry and Poets

The history of music essays

The history of music essays There are many preconceptions of what the history of music is. Some people think it is mainly a biography of composers lives, but they are wrong. The history of music is primarily the history of musical style. In order to appreciate this, it is essential to become acquainted with the different sounds and to hear them in their contexts. Fashions in history change with the generations, like fashions in musical tastes. We can speak or write many words about music but it is either successful or not by its ability to move us, stimulate us, or entertain. It can also enlarge our capacity for spiritual experience. It is hard for people of today to imagine how music sounded many centuries ago because instruments have changed dramatically over the years. Some modern performances claim to be H.I.P (Historically, informed performance) by using replicas of old instruments but we do not know if this is what it really sounded like because instruments were made differently using different tools. Today we use machines to make instruments. Music has always existed even when there was only primitive life. In some communities music first appeared in rituals. In religious rituals both voice and musical instruments were used and music was not written down but was passed on orally. The instruments were very limited and were easily made. As time went on music started to be written down on parchment and music instruments started becoming more complex. Composers started becoming famous in the Baroque period and composers in the Baroque period all wrote in the same style. In each period a composer started off a new type of music and other composers copied. The history of music is the history of music styles and there have been many styles through the centuries, for example in western music, there were many periods of different styles of music for example, the Classical, Baroque and Romantic period. ...

Sample Graduate School Recommendation Letters

Sample Graduate School Recommendation Letters Obtaining letters of recommendation for graduate school is just part of the application process, but those letters are a crucial component. You may feel that you have no control over the content of these letters or you may wonder  whom to ask.  Requesting a recommendation letter  is daunting, but you need to consider the challenge that your professors and others face in writing these letters. Read on to learn how to ask for a recommendation letter in a way that will get results. Requesting the Letters You can either ask for a recommendation letter in person or through a (snail mail) letter. Dont ask via a quick email, which can feel impersonal and stands a great chance of getting lost or deleted, or even finding its way into the dreaded spam folder. Even if you ask in person, provide the potential recommender with a letter that includes  background information, including your current  resume- if you dont have one, create one- and links to the graduate schools to which you are applying. Briefly mention specific qualities and academic skills that you would like your reference to mention. No matter how well you think your recommender knows you, remember that this person is a professor, adviser, or even an  employer, who has many things on her plate. Anything you can to do provide her with more information about you can make her letter-writing job easier- and it can help point the letter in a direction you want it to go, ensuring that it includes the points you want your recommender to make. Be prepared to discuss the type of degree you seek, programs to which you are applying,  how you arrived at your choices, goals for graduate study, future aspirations, and why you believe the faculty member, adviser, or employer is a good candidate to write a letter on your behalf. Be Direct Though youre applying for graduate school, keep in mind some general tips when asking for a recommendation letter for any purpose, be it graduate school, a job, or even an internship. Online job search engine  Monster.com  advises that when you are asking for a recommendation letter, just pop the question. Dont beat around the bush; come right out and ask. Say something like: â€Å"I’m applying for an internship, and I need to include two letters of recommendation. Would you be willing to write one for me? I’d need it by the 20th.† Suggest some talking points: With a professor, as noted, it might be best to do this in a letter. But, if youre asking an adviser or employer, consider stating these points verbally and succinctly. Say something like: Thank you for agreeing to write a letter of recommendation for me. I was hoping you could mention the research I conducted and the input I provided for the grant proposal the organization submitted last month. So what else does it take to ensure your recommenders write solid letters for you? A  good, helpful letter of recommendation will discuss you in detail and provide evidence to support those statements. The information you provide will- hopefully- ensure that your recommenders include those details in a direct but comprehensive manner. Tips and Hints No one can speak with more authority about a students academic abilities than a former professor or instructor. But a  good letter of recommendation  goes beyond classroom grades. The best referrals offer detailed examples of how you have grown as an individual and provide insight into how you stand out from your peers.   A well-written letter of recommendation should also be  relevant to the program for which you are applying. For  example, if youre applying for an online graduate program and youve  had success in previous distance-learning courses, you might ask that professor for a referral.   Good letters of recommendation are written by people who know and have a vested interest in your success. They offer detailed and relevant examples that demonstrate why you would be a good fit for a graduate program. A  bad letter of recommendation, by contrast, is vague and indifferent. Take the necessary steps so that the graduate programs you are applying to dont receive those kinds of letters about you.

Empress Wu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Empress Wu - Essay Example Her thirst and quest for power made her do the unthinkable from murdering her own daughter and son. Empress Wu Zhao was born in Wenshui part of the Shanxi Province in 624 A.D. Her father Wu Shihuo was a rich merchant who educated her daughter well. The education the Empress received at a young age was very pivotal for her political shrewdness and prowess (Woo 5). During the time of her birth, China was under the rule of the Tang dynasty which accorded women more freedom compared to the earlier dynasties. The Emperor at the time Tai Tzong had encouraged cultural awareness in which the women were allowed to be economically independent and were well enlightened in the fields of philosophy, social ethics and culture. The power of female sexuality was at that time widely recognized in medieval china; the ladies of the Sui and Early Tang dynasty elite were relatively independent. They could ride horses, henpeck their husbands and they took charge when their men were away for herdsmen or military duty (Will 128). Due to this, Emperor Wu was adequately educated in the disciplines of music , writing, reading, and Chinese classics. By the time she was thirteen years old, Empress Wu not only recognized her womanly beauty, but she also appreciated her intelligence and wit. Due to her intelligence, Empress Wu was soon recruited to the court of Emperor Tai as a concubine and she doubled up as a secretary in the Imperial Study. She obviously took her chance to study more about official documents and politics. The rest is history. Empress Wu held power for more than a century in one guise or another, firstly she ruled as a consort; the favored wife of Emperor Gaozong, then secondly as the ruler behind the throne of her youngest son and finally herself until her death. She ruled with sheer ruthlessness and decisiveness as she stabilized the Tang dynasty when it seemed to be crumbling and

Role of Women in Math, Science and Engineering Essay

Role of Women in Math, Science and Engineering - Essay Example However, in spite of these challenges, few women have made an impression in these disciplines, discrediting the myth about the gender’s weakness in the subjects. This paper discusses the role of women in the academic disciplines, related to math, science and engineering. In particular, the paper focuses on the contribution of women in United States in the 19th century and compares the conditions that existed then with the current years. In the recent times, the number of prominent women scientists, mathematicians and engineers pales in comparison to liberal artists, authors, dramatists and dancers in the American society (Clough, 2004). In the 19th century, Berger(1987, p73) noted that the number of women in math, science and engineering disciplines was far much less in a society that was making transition from the agrarian to an industrial driven economy. According to Berger(1987, p89), the role of women in the now developed United States was restricted to home chores, a fact or that greatly undermined their early involvement not only in pursuit of their studies, but also in the choice of their careers. In the highly multicultural American society, the academic progress of women especially from the minority groups was an enormous challenge. However, regardless of the racial and economic background of women, their involvement in science, math and engineering was very low. The 19 century was characterized by many groundbreaking and scientific innovations from which most of the current technologies are founded and a number of women played an active role in the United States. Their role was not only limited to studying sciences, math and engineering disciplines to higher levels but were also involved in innovation of new technologies from those disciplines. At the time, United States was undergoing economic and social changes that demanded invention to solve the problems afflicting the society including diseases, more efficient machines to cope with the mass production demands in addition to enhancing the agricultural production in order to meet the food demands of the increasing population Berger, (Berger, 1987, p 102) Some of the most prominent American women scientists in the 19th century included physicians such Elizabeth Blackwell, Annie Elizabeth, a dentist, Maria Mitchell, an American astronomer, Richard Ellen Swallow, a renowned chemist and ecologist in addition to Amelia Earhart, a popular aviatrix. Other women included Rebecca Cole, the first African American woman to earn a doctorate in Physics, Marie Curie a renowned chemists and among the pioneers of radioactivity. In medical and nursing profession, some of the most prominent women included the Beatrice Hinkle, a psychiatrist, Helena Deustch, a psychoanalyst, and Lillian Carter, who was a prominent nurse. Though these women made remarkable contribution in their scientific and engineering disciplines, Clough (2004) notes that their numbers was very small compared to America n men in the respective areas. Although their marginal involvement in math, engineering and science has been attributed to the then a hugely male dominated society, the current role of women in these disciplines is still very low compared to men. This is in spite of the highly liberalized and more equitable society that provides equal opportunities to both sexes. According to Clough (2004), women are under

Consumer’s Perception of Risk of Online Transactions

Consumer’s Perception of Risk of Online Transactions Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate whether a consumers perception of risk in transacting on the internet (Perceived Risk) would have an influence on their trust of a banks e-banking website (Specific Trust) and their willingness to use e-banking. Data were collected from a survey and a usable sample of 202 was obtained. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis was used to test the model. The results showed that Perceived Risk has a direct influence on a consumers willingness to use e-banking and Specific Trust has a positive moderating influence on the relationship between Perceived Risk and a consumers willingness to use e-banking. Consumers who have low perceived risk of transacting on the internet are generally more willing to use e-banking. Their willingness to use e-banking was also shown to be more pronounced in cases where the consumer also trust their banks e-banking website. These findings are of particular relevance to banks. It highlights that a consumers wil lingness to use e-banking primarily depends on their perception of risk in transacting on the internet; trust of the specific e-banking website was secondary. This suggests the need for banks to not only employ mechanisms to build trust for their specific e-banking website, but that banks should first take measures to educate their customers and manage general consumer perceptions of the risks of transacting on the internet. Keywords: Trust, Perceived Risk, Internet, E-banking Adoption. Introduction In recent years, the advancement in technological developments in information technology has lead to the evolution of e-banking in the banking industry. The evolution of e-banking has fundamentally transformed the way banks traditionally conduct their businesses and the ways consumers perform their banking activities (Eriksson et al., 2008; Sayar and Wolfe, 2007). Today e-banking has experienced phenomenal growth and has become one of the main avenues for banks to deliver their products and services (Amato-McCoy, 2005). E-banking reaps benefits for both banks and its customers. From the banks perspective, e-banking has enabled banks to lower operational costs through the reduction of physical facilities and staffing resources required, reduced waiting times in branches resulting in potential increase in sales performance and a larger global reach (Sarel and Mamorstein, 2003). From the customers perspective, e-banking allows customers to perform a wide range of banking transactions electronically via the banks website anytime and anywhere (Grabner-Kraeuter and Faullant, 2008). In addition, customers no longer are confined to the opening hours of banks, travel and waiting times are no longer necessary, and access of information regarding banking services are now easily available (Hamlet, 2000). However the success of e-banking isnt without its problems. Firstly the adoption of e-banking has not kept pace with that of internet usage (White and Nteli, 2004). This gap is attributed to the lack of trust among bank customers, particularly among internet users age 65 and older (Ilett, 2005; Perumal and Shanmugam, 2005). Secondly, customers still prefer face to face interaction (Asher, 1999) due to reasons such as fear of the online environment and lack of trust in the internet. Recent literature on e-banking showed that the formation of trust can help reduce the impact of key inhibiting factors such as fears about using the online service among non-eÂÂ ­banking customers (Vatanasombut et al., 2008). Moreover, even with the increased usage of e-banking in recent years, banks are faced with a conundrum whilst e-banking does have its benefits of convenience and cost savings; the ease at which e-banking allows for switching back to traditional ways of banking consequently reduces long term customer commitment (Sarel and Mamorstein, 2003). The commitment-trust theory of Morgan and Hunt (1994) proposes that trust leads to commitment in relationships, and so, if trust is built amongst existing customers, over time they will become committed to the e-banking service, reducing the chances of customers jumping ship (Mukherjee and Nath, 2003; Vatanasombut et al., 2008). Evident in past literature is the fact that risk plays a role in the formation of trust (Chen and Dhillon, 2003; Pavlou, 2003), but what is not evident is the relationship risk has with trust especially in regards to the perceived risk consumers have in transacting on the internet. Past research studies into the area of risk found that it is not objective risk, but perceived risk which matter in the formation of trust (Bauer, 1960 as citied in BÃ ¼ttner and GÃ ¶ritz, 2008; Garbarino and Strahilevitz, 2004). A recent research study found that, perceived risk is directly related to an individuals adoption of e-banking with many past research studies showing that intention to use e-banking is often times affected by fears of theft or fraud (Gerrard et al., 2006). The relationship between perceived risk and trust is an underdeveloped area in the literature. Past work in the area of trust and perceived risk has not yet managed to fully determine the exact relationship which risk has on trust, as whilst risk is necessary for the formation of trust, it is not an antecedent of trust (Chen and Dhillon, 2003). Moreover, trust has been shown in the past to effect perceptions of risk, as well as having mediating effects through risk (Pavlou, 2003). Hence the purpose of this research is to investigate whether a customers perception of risk in the internet would have moderating effects on trust and a customers willingness to use e-banking. As noted by BÃ ¼ttner and GÃ ¶ritz, (2008), there is a lack of empirical studies in this area. Moreover by understanding the nature of risk and trust, banks can ascertain the steps necessary on their part to ensure that the trust which they have built in their services will indeed influence customers adoption and commitment to e-banking. Literature Review Trust in E-banking Trust is essential in situations where risk, uncertainty and interdependence exist (Mayer et al., 1995), and the online environment certainly encapsulates these factors. In an online environment, there is no direct physical contact between buyer and seller. This spatial distance means that consumers cannot use the physical cues, such as observing the sales staff or the physical office/store space, in order to judge trustworthiness (Reichheld and Schefter, 2000). Due to the global nature of the internet, consumers and e-retailers often face spatial and temporal separation as a result transactions carried out online often do not involve a simultaneous transaction of goods (or services) and money (Grabner-Kraeuter, 2002). This delay in time means that consumers can become increasingly uncertain whether the other party will actually perform their side of the transaction. Another reason for the increased need for trust in the online contexts is consumers fear for the sa fety of their personal information due to hackers or other harmful possibilities (Hoffman et al., 1999; Yoon, 2002). Apart from the necessities of trust in order to get consumers to purchase online as per the theory of reasoned action (Azjen and Fishbein, 1980), trust is also important for businesses to grow and maintain profitability, as per the commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing by Morgan and Hunt (1994). Past research studies have identified that one of the benefits of trust are committed customers (Casalo et al., 2007; Morgan and Hunt 1994). Loyal repeat customers are highly beneficial to organizations, as it is much cheaper to retain customers than it is to find and attract new customers (Reichheld and Schefter, 2000). In the online arena where substitutes are readily available, the benefits to businesses of having committed customers are plenty, hence the amount of research into the area (e.g. Casalo et al., 2007; Jarvenpaa et al., 2000; Vatanasombut et al., 2008). Numerous research studies have been conducted to identify what factors drive or inhibit the adoption of e-banking by consumers (Gerrard et al., 2006; Hernandez and Mazzon, 2007; Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006; Sayar and Wolfe, 2007). It has been identified that the lack of trust was one of the main reasons why consumers are still reluctant to conduct their financial transactions online (Flavian et al., 2006; Luarn and Lin, 2005; Mukherjee and Nath, 2003; Rotchanakitumnuai and Speece, 2003). In order for e-banking to be a viable medium of service delivery, banks today must try to narrow the trust gap due to the higher degree of uncertainty and risk in an online environment compared to traditional settings. Research studies conducted examining the role of trust in e-banking (e.g. Vatanasombut et al., 2008; Casalo et al., 2007; Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006; Rexha et al., 2003; Suh and Han, 2002), found that trust plays a key role in the adoption and continued use of e-banking. Furthermore, it was found that trust not only affects the intent to use e-banking (Liu and Wu, 2007; Suh and Han 2002), but trust in e-banking has also been found to be an antecedent to commitment in e-banking (Vatanasombut et al., 2008; Kassim and Abdulla, 2006), and is therefore useful to reduce the perceived risk that consumers feel is present in an online environment (Pavlou 2002). Perceived Risk and Trust Perceived risk is depicted as a concept that is complex, multifaceted and dynamic (Zhao et al., 2008, p.506). Perceived risk is defined as a consumers perceptions of the uncertainty and the possible undesirable consequences of buying a product or service (Littler and Melanthiou, 2006). In the online context, past research studies suggest the inclusion of perceived risk due to its importance in influencing online consumer behavior (Cunningham et al., 2005; Pavlou, 2003; Salam et al., 2003; Schlosser et al., 2006) and more so in the area of e-banking (Cunningham et al., 2005). As mentioned earlier, perceived risk is important in the formation of trust (Bauer, 1960 as cited in BÃ ¼ttner and GÃ ¶ritz, 2008; Garbarino and Strahilevitz, 2004). The body of the knowledge on trust has identified that risk is the element which gives rise to the need for trust when engaging in an activity which means that if there were no perceptions of risk, trust would not be necessary to engage in an activity, as actions could be taken with complete certainty (Yousafzai, 2003; Chen and Dhillon; 2003). There are two different types of risk that have been identified in relation to trust risks associated with a partner and risks associated with a type of transaction (BÃ ¼ttner and GÃ ¶ritz, 2008). Risks associated with a partner in general are perceptions that a particular interaction partner in a transaction will not perform their end of the bargain, and are formed from perceptions of the attributes of that interaction partner this type of risk should be inversely related to trust of that partner (Jarvenpaa et al., 2000). Essentially, the higher the trust one has in a partner, the less perceived risk in dealing with that partner. However, risk associated with a type of transaction has a different association with trust. The more risky a type of transaction is perceived to be, the more trust is required in order to engage in an interaction with that partner (Mayer et al., 1995). The relationship between risk and trust is a complex one, whilst risk is necessary to the creation of trust, it is not an antecedent to trust which means the presence of risk does not automatically equate to the formation of trust (Pavlou, 2002). According to Mayer et al. (1995, p.711) It is unclear whether risk is an antecedent to trust, or is an outcome of trust. Clearly, a gap of knowledge exists in this area, and further research is required so as to determine the relationship which risk has with trust, especially in the context of e-banking. However the area that interests the authors of this research is the work by Pavlou (2002) which found that the effect of trust on transaction intention could be moderated through perceived risk. This is a relationship which was originally proposed by Mayer et al. (1995), who postulated that the level of trust needed to engage in a risk taking behavior is influenced by the perception of risk inherent in that behavior. Pavlous (2002) work also called for future research so as to examine the complex interrelationships among trust, perceived risk and behavioral intention to reach definite conclusions. (Pavlou, 2002, p.125). This research aims to answer that call by testing perceived risk in the internet as a moderator in the relationship between a consumers trust in a banks e-banking website and the consumers willingness to use e-banking. Theoretical Framework The investigation of the role of trust in the use of e-banking necessitates the examination of two key theories the theory of reasoned action by Azjen and Fishbein (1980) and the commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing by Morgan and Hunt (1994). The theory of reasoned action states that a persons behavior is determined by their behavioral intent, which is in turn shaped by attitude and subjective norms (Azjen and Fishbein, 1980). Increased trust means that when a persons attitudes towards a particular behavior (in this case, using e-banking) are positive, it will likely increase a persons intent to perform that behavior. This has been supported by research in both the e-retailing context (Jarvenpaa et al., 2000), and also in the e-banking context (Liu et al., 2005), where trust has been shown to lead to a purchase intention. Further, Morgan and Hunt (1994) purports that by building trust over time, customers become committed to the relationship built, and will subsequently reciprocate with continued business. Past research in this area have extended the applicability of this commitment-trust relationship to the e-banking context (Casalo et al., 2007; Mukherjee and Nath, 2007; Vatanasombut et al., 2008). This gives rise to the first hypothesis for this research which forms the basic relationship between a consumers trust in a banks e-banking website (Specific Trust) and the consumers willingness to use e-banking. H1: Specific trust in e-banking has a direct effect on willingness to use e-banking Perceived risk is defined in this research as a consumers perceptions of risk in transactions using the internet, and is hypothesized to have a moderating role in the relationship between specific trust and the willingness to use e-banking. As mentioned previously in the literature review, there is little empirical research on the moderating effect of risk in the e-banking context. Work by Pavlou (2002) found that the effect of trust on transaction intention could be moderated by perceived risk, but called for further research in this area to confirm the complex interrelationships between these three constructs. Therefore, the authors of this research proposed the second hypothesis as: H2: Perceived risk has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between specific trust and willingness to use e-banking. Methodology To test the model, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken using an instrument containing 15 items. The 15 items used were established scales adapted from Doney and Canon (1995), Chow and Holden (1997), Jarvenpaa et al. (2000), Suh and Han (2002), Kim and Ahn (2006) and Verhagen et al. (2006) measuring specific trust, willingness to use and perceived risk. Great care was taken when adapting the scales to ensure that the original concepts being measured by the scale had theoretical congruence and relevance to this study. Each item is measured on a 7-point Likert scale with 0 denoting the low end and 6 the high end. The questionnaire was then preÂÂ ­tested on a non-probability sample of university staff. Refinements were made to the questionnaire based on feedback from the pre-test. All items in the final instrument were then reviewed by marketing academics for content validity. Measures The scale used to measure perceived risk was adapted from a number of scales which have similar theoretical congruence with the definition of risk perception in the theoretical framework. A few of the items in the scale used was sourced from Verhagen et al. (2006), which measured intermediary risk and was defined as the belief of a probability of suffering a loss due to the inability of the intermediary to provide sufficient protection against fraudulent and/or opportunistic sellers (p.545) which is similar to the definition of the perception of risk on the internet. In that, the consumers belief in a possibility of loss or harm as a result of the medium internet is being measured. The nature of the internet is such that, there is insufficient protection to consumers from fraudulent and/or opportunistic people, and so the use of items from Verhagen et al.s (2006) scale on intermediary risk was appropriate. Other items in the scale were sourced from the work of Jarvenpaa et al. (2000 ), Kim and Ahn (2006), and Chow and Holden (1997), which measured concepts such as risk perception and web-shopping risk, all of which was similar to the concept of perceived risk being operationalised. Minimal alterations were made to the items due the similarity of the concepts being measured. Whilst it would have been ideal to operationalise the construct of perceived risk in the internet with a singular scale, but there is a lack of scales in this area (Verhagen et al., 2006), therefore the use of a composite scale was necessary. To measure specific trust in e-banking, items from work of Doney and Canon (1995), Suh and Han (2002) and Jarvenpaa et al. (2000) were adapted. These items were chosen due to their semantics and wording. Items directly relating to interpersonal trust including the service of e-banking, and a belief in the benefits and trustworthiness of e-banking were used as part of the scale. Lastly, in measuring the willingness to use e-banking, items that measure at titudes and intentions towards using e-banking were chosen. Items in the scale were sourced from scales published by Verhagen et al. (2006), Pavlou (2003), and Kim and Ahn (2006). Demographic data were also collected for the purpose of classification and determining the generalisability of the results. Sample and Data Collection Representativeness, reliability of results as well as time and resource restraints were considered in determining the sample. The final sample was a non-probability sample of administrative and academic staff in ten departments across the five faculties of a large Australian university. University staff was chosen, as they were deemed to be more educated and informed about a range of issues. Therefore it is concluded that university staff would likely have a higher chance of responding to the survey, with more accuracy and honesty in their replies. Surveys were distributed physically and via online. Data collection took place over two weeks. A total of 218 returned questionnaires were yielded of which 202 passed manipulation checks and were usable. The response rate was 34.8%. Results Adoption of Internet and E-banking Descriptive analysis was used and a bar chart (Figure 2) was constructed to compare the year of adoption of the internet and the year of adoption of e-banking. In relation to internet adoption, the results showed that there was a slow growth in the adoption of internet prior to 1995. The rate of adoption increased significantly in the years 1995 to 2000 and dropped significantly after. As for the adoption of e-banking, the results showed that there was no apparent usage of e-banking till the late 1990s and after which the adoption of e-banking rose reaching its peak in 2006. Figure 2 illustrates how the adoption of e-banking has not kept up with the pace of internet usage this is consistent with the previous finding of White and Nteli (2004). Furthermore results also showed that there were still a significant number of people who have not adopted e-banking. Demographic variables were examined across the three constructs of specific trust, perceived risk and the willingness to use. The results in Table 1 showed that there were significant differences between gender and specific trust (sig. value 0.010, t-value 2.588) and perceived risk (sig. value 0.029, t-value 2.206) constructs. The means scores showed that males have higher specific trust (5.2748) and higher perceived risk (4.2916) as compared to females towards e-banking and the internet. For age, the results showed a significant difference between age and willingness to use (sig. level 0.017, f-value 4.161). The difference was found between respondents of age groups 29 and under, and 50 and above. The means scores showed that respondents who were age 29 and below (mean 5.603) were more willing to use e-banking as opposed to respondents who were 50 and above (mean -4.8571). For qualification, significant differences were present in the perceived risk (sig. level 0.020, f-value 4.991) and willingness to use (sig. level 0.030, f-value 4.932) constructs. In regards to perceived risk, the difference was found between respondents who have completed secondary school and respondents who have a post-graduate qualification. The means scores showed that respondents who had a post-graduate qualification (4.4355) have a higher perceived risk compared to those who had completed secondary school (3.4006). In relation to willingness to use, significant differences were found between three groups of respondents those who had a trade qualification/diploma, a tertiary degree and a post-graduate qualification. The means scores showed that respondents who had a post-graduate qualification has a higher willingness to use e-banking (5.6871) compared to those who had a trade qualification/diploma (4.5259) and those who had a tertiary degree (5.5925). Finally for income, significant differences were found between the different income groups in the perceived risk (sig. level 0.049, f-value 2.249) and willingness to use (sig. level 0.003, f-value 3.788) constructs. The two groups of respondents with income levels of $15,001 -$ 30,000 and $70,001 -$90,000 were found to be significantly different in the perceived risk construct. The means scores of the two groups showed that respondents with an income level of $70,001 $90,000 had a higher perceived risk (4.6057) compared to respondents with an income level of $15,001 $ 30,000. In relation to willingness to use, significant difference was found between two groups $30,001 $50,000 and $50,001 $70,000. A comparison of the means scores showed that respondents who had an income level of $50,001 $70,000 (5.8625) were more willing to use e-banking compared to those who had an income level of $30,001 $50,000 (4.6513). Model Testing In order to validate the measures of each construct, exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal components extraction with varimax rotation. The items in each factor were then tested for scale reliability using standard Cronbach alpha indices. As the items for both perceived risk and specific trust in e-banking were used together as a single scale in the survey instrument, factor analysis was ran on them both, to ensure that the two different factors were still valid. To check for the appropriateness of the data for factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartletts Test of Sphericity was examined. Results showed that the KMO statistic for the data set was 0.885 and the Bartlett test showed that non-zero correlations exist at the 0.000 significance level. This indicates that the data is appropriate for factor analysis. The results of the factor analysis showed that two factors were indeed present, however, one of the items from the scale measuring specific trust in e-banking Compared with other forms of banking, e-banking would be more risky had moved to the factor measuring perceived risk (see Table 2 , item marked with asterisk). A reliability analysis was conducted on this adjusted factor; a Cronbach alpha ind ex of .926 was obtained. The factor loading of the item, whilst not very high at .651 was much higher than the items alternate factor loading which was .253. The item content was examined, and was found to also be applicable to the context of perceived risk due to the items wording which could be interpreted as a higher perception of risk in the medium of the Internet in comparison to other mediums. Given all these results, it was decided that the adjusted factor would be used as is in the analysis. Items measuring the construct of willingness to use e-banking were also analysis to ensure that it was indeed a singular factor (Table 3). The results showed that the KMO statistic for the data set was 0.873 and the Bartlett test showed that non-zero correlations exist at the 0.000 significance level. This indicates that the data is appropriate for factor analysis. The results revealed a uniÂÂ ­dimensional structure, and corroborated that all five items in the scale loaded onto one factor. The factor loadings of each item were high, indicating strong relevance of each item within the scale. When in combination with the high Cronbach alpha of .957, the results of the analysis show that this factor is a highly useful measure. Regression Analysis To test the relationship between the constructs of specific trust, perceived risk and willingness to use e-banking, hierarchical moderated regression was conducted. This method was proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) to examine moderating effects. In conducting hierarchical moderated regression analysis, a series of regressions were performed. The first regression (Model 1) involved regressing the dependent variable (DV) on the independent variable (IV); the second regression (Model 2) involved regressing the DV on the IV and the moderator; and the final regression (Model 3) regressing the DV on the IV, the moderator, and a cross-product of the DV and the moderator. The three regression models were tested for explanatory power, and yielded R-squared values of 0.396, 0.454, and 0.508 respectively (see Table 4). Results of the R-squared comparisons showed that Model 3, which included specific trust, perceived risk, and the cross product of specific trust and perceived risk, had significantly improved R-squared values from Model 1 and Model 2. The analysis yielded results quite different to what was hypothesized. Besides Model 1 where specific trust was the only IV in the regression, specific trust was shown not to have a direct influence on the DV of willingness to use e-banking. Rather, perceived risk was shown to have a direct influence on the DV of willingness to use e-banking in Models 2 and 3. Model 3, which had the greatest R-squared value, suggests that it is not specific trust that influences a consumers willingness to use e-banking, but rather perceived risk. The regression coefficients from Model 3 (see Table 5) showed that perceived ris k had a significant negative impact on willingness to use e-banking (p = 0.000, Beta = -1.179, t = -5.588). Specific trust in e-banking instead was found to have a positive moderating influence on the relationship between perceived risk and willingness to use e-banking (p = 0.000, Beta = 0.759, t = 4.386). The results derived from the regression analysis thus do not support the two hypotheses H1 and H2. It appears that the roles of the independent variable and the moderator have swapped. Figure 3 shows the amended model reflecting these new roles, where the independent variable of perceived risk is shown having a primary role with a direct influence on a consumers willingness to use e-banking and specific trust in the banks e-banking website having a secondary role as a moderator. Discussion and Implications Adoption of Internet and E-banking The results showed that there was no apparent usage of e-banking till the late 1990s. This was firstly attributed to the late adoption of e-banking facilities by the four major banks in Australia. It was only at the end of 1997 when e-banking facilities were provided by the banks in Australia (Sathye, 1999). Secondly, a report by the Australia Bureau of Statistics (1999) stated that the use of internet by adults to pay bills and transfer funds were only approximately 2 per cent during that time. These findings deserve attention, as Australians were considered to be technology savvy being at the forefront of United States as the worlds third highest users of electronic point of transfer (Eftpos) in the 1990s (Macfarlane, 1997). However there were other reasons for the late adoption of e-banking in Australia. These reasons include the lack of knowledge of service availability, the internet website being not user friendly, and security concerns (Sathye, 1999). In the last decade, banks have addressed these problems through the use of effective marketing strategies, education and adopting innovative technology in security measures and information technology. It has proven to be effective as the latest statistics showed that approximately 40% of the internet users in Australia have adopted e-banking (comScore, 2008). This proportion however is still relatively low, and concurs with the results of past research such as White and Nteli (2004), Lichtenstein and Williamson (2006), and the current research showing that the adoption of e-banking has not kept up with the pace of internet usage. This is despite figures for internet access quadrupling from 16% to 67% in the last decade from 1998 to 2007/08 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Demographics and Specific Trust, Perceived Risk and the Willingness to Use Constructs Results showed that respondents who are aged 29 and below, earning an income level of $50,001 $70,000 and with post graduate qualifications were more willing to use e-banking. This finding is congruent with the findings of past studies that claimed that consumers who are well educated and with higher incomes are more willing to engage e-banking services (Kolodinsky et al., 2000; Gartner, 2003). Furthermore results of this study concur with past research studies on the unwillingness to use e-banking by the older/elderly generation (Ilett, 2005; Perumal and Shanmugam, 2005). Further examination of the results showed that respondents who are unwilling to use e-banking have a trade qualification/diploma and are earning an income of $30,001 $50,000. In relation to the perceived risk constructs, males who have a post graduate qualification and earning $70,001 -$90,000 have higher perceived risk. This finding is rather surprising as it does not concur with previous studies which found females to have a higher perceived risk. Females were found to be more concerned on the level of risk in technology (Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006), more anxious with privacy protection and ethical standards (Shergill and Li, 2005) and have greater fears in new technologies such as the internet (Morahan-Martin, 2000) compared to males. Further examination of the results showed that respondents who have a lower perceived risk are females, earning an income of $15,001-$30,000 and have completed secondary school. Results from this research showed that males have higher specific trust than females regardless of income, age and qualification. Drawing from the findings of the perceived risk construct, an interesting discovery was made males have higher perceived risk as well as higher specific trust compared to the females. The authors of this study propose that a possible reason for this may be explained by a higher level of involvement in banking services in males. This should be con

Dorothea Orem’ Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing Essay

Description of key points of the theory The self-care deficit theory â€Å"provides a way of looking at and investigating what nurses do† (Blais & Hayes, 2011, p. 102). It speaks to activities that individuals can perform independently to maintain life, health, and wellbeing. The theory outlines the three different categories of self-care requisites – which is required by all individuals. It revealed that overtime there may be the need to obtain assistance, and making adjustments because of changes in health, development or body image. When there is a self-care deficit, an individual experiences health related limitations and at this point he or she is unable to perform tasks independently, and so he or she benefits from nursing care. However, the concept of the nursing system, allows nurses to support individuals according to his or her ability to perform personal care (Blais & Hayes, p. 102, 2011). Historical background Dorothea Orem was born 1914 in Baltimore Maryland. She began her nursing career in Washington D.C. and got her diploma in the early 1930’s (Nursing Theories, 2014). She developed the Self-care Deficit Nursing Theory –SCDNT in 1956 (Alligood, p. 261, 2010). Orem’s theory highlights self-care as a human need, and allows nurses to develop interventions to encourage self-care. The aim of the theory is to help individuals and their families to maintain control of their health during the continuum of life. The  general theory is referred to as the Self-care deficit theory of nursing and was first published in 1971 (Blais & Hayes, p. 102, 2011). Orem’s idea of an individual’s independence is manifested in her sub theories: self-care, self-care deficit and nursing systems (Kozier, Erb, Berman, & Snyder, 2004). The self-care theory is further broken down into four ideas: self-care – which refers to how individuals can help themselves, self-care agen cy – the potential of the person to perform care, self-care requisites – are the actions that are taken to perform self-care, and the therapeutic self-care demand – all the actions employed to maintain health (Kozier, et al, 2004). For persons who are unable to act as self- care agents, the nursing system adequately supports them so that their needs can be met. Explain how the selected theorist’s approach to each element of the metaparadigm applies to the following: Nursing practice Nursing education Nursing research Term Definition Applied to Nursing Practice Applied to Nursing Education Applied to Nursing Research Person According to Nursing Theories (2014), â€Å"In Orem’s nursing theory a person is defined as the recipient of care who has the potential for learning and development. A person can engage in deliberate actions, interpret experiences and perform beneficial actions† (para 2) With the use of Orem’ theory, the nurse is able to identify the patients’ developmental level and the care that is required. The theory allows autonomy for nursing as a profession through the continuous use of evidence based practice in decision making. Through education, balance is maintained in nursing practice. Patients are allowed primary control over their health although health care providers assist with education, promote and encourage healthy practices, and lifestyle modification. According to Bernier (2002) â€Å"Orem’s Theory guides nursing practice with theoretical concepts and goal setting providing a foundation upon which nurses can question the practice and expand the avenue for nursing research† (p. 384-90). Health Orem’s definition of health was similar to that of the World Health organization. (Nursing Theories, 2014). According to Nursing Theories (2014), health is â€Å"state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity† (para 5). As the theory applies to health and the nursing practice, it reflects patients’ self-care limitations. However, it permits judgments to be made so that the appropriate plan of care can be created, administered, and the benefits reaped by the patients. The theory also allows patients to use self-care to maintain optimal health and independence while nurses perform primary evaluation and implement the nursing process to meet other needs in order of priority. The nurse has an important, and possible challenging role at this moment. However, to improve health, it is important that patients are educated about current illness and the plan of care that will be performed so that optimal health can be restored. Education on medication regimen is important because it encourages compliance with treatment and increases knowledge on maintenance of good health. Orem’s theory impacts health, and boost nursing research through the gathering and analyzing of patients’ data. The information that is collected is used appropriately to measure the nursing care that can be implemented to improve an individual’s health. Nursing Nursing is a personal service that help individuals to identify and develop ways to help or care for them self (Nursing Theories, 2014). Orem’ theory encourages patient – nurse relationship, care being the primary focus and  the ultimate goal is health restoration. It encourages patient’ independence while holistic care is administered through constant reassessments. A plan of care is implemented through evidence based practice, and a comprehensive assessment performed using the self-care requisites. Through supportive –education, nurses are able to strengthen patients as self-care agency. This is done primarily through teaching and guiding. Patients are encouraged to voice concerns, and together nurses and patients explore the most appropriate choices that will enhance the healing process. Nurses ensure that there is a collaboration by making self-care agents provide input into decision making. Through Orem’s control operations, nurses evaluate t he quality and quantity of self-care that the self-care agent is able to perform, and judge the effectiveness of the measures (Alligood, p. 268, 2010). Through evidence based practice, plan of care is revised, and corrective measures are put in place. Environment Environment is the surrounding of an individual that affects his or her capability to perform self-care tasks (Nursing Theories, 2014). Self-care is a learned behavior and it is influenced by an individual’s environment. For an individual to be able to perform self-care, he or she has to be in an environment that is conducive to such act, while he or she is provided with psychological support. To promote self-care, it is important that individuals are educated about their environment and tools that are available to help with the maintenance of health. Through education patients are able to practice self-care, while nurses monitor and regulate his or her actions. An individual’ health status is influenced by his or her environment. With the aid of the patient and involved family members, information about the individual’s environment can be gathered and the necessary plan of care implemented. References Alligood, M. R. (2010). Nursing Theory: Utilization and Application (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database Bernier, F. (2002). Applying orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing to continence care: Part 2. Urologic Nursing, 22(6), 384-90. Blais, K. K., &  Hayes, J. S. (2011). Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and Perspectives (6th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Kozier, B., Erb, G., Berman, A., & Snyder, S. (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing: concepts, process, and practice (7th ed.). Upper saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., Nursing Theories. (2014). Biography of Dorothea Orem. Retrieve from http://nursingtheories.info/dorothea-orem-self-care-deficit-nursing-theory/ Nursing Theories. (2014). Dorothea Orem: Self Care Deficit Nursing Theory. Retrieve from http://nursingtheories.info/dorothea-orem-self-care-deficit-nursing-theory/

Fight In Song of Solomon - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1122 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Religion Essay Level High school Topics: Song of Solomon Essay Did you like this example? The symbol of flight has been present in literature throughout many cultures. Often it is used in literature as a symbol of freedom in a sense that it appeals to a sensory-stimulated bliss that defies traditional weight pressure (Hovet 119). The history of flight as a symbol in African American Literature is readapted in Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon by categorizing her characters into different flyers that represent different outcomes of taking the leap. Traditionally, the use of the symbol represents the liberation of being grounded to Earth but released into tranquility and nirvana; by escaping your worldly self, you can fly to a point past humanity. Morrsion explores other ideas through her characters, for example, it is also represented in the multiple men that abandon women throughout the duration of the novel. By exploring different situations in the text where flight is demonstrated, the reader can determine how the theme applies to the characters of the text and how Morrison intended for the theme to be adapted. Though Morrison intricately develops other themes in her novel, such as abandoned women, misogyny, the alienating effects of oppression, and marginalization, the theme of flight is thoroughly layered throughout multiple examples in the text. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fight In Song of Solomon" essay for you Create order   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flight has been a prevalent symbol in African American Literature in the past. Gay Wilentz explains in his journal If You Surrender to the Air: Folk Legends of Flight and Resistance in African American Literature that theme of flight is present throughout the African diaspora of slaves. Both written and oral accounts suggest the theme was originally adapted from slaves who jump the side of the slave vessel, committing suicide in fear of what is ahead of them. However, folk lore said instead of falling to their doom they instead flew away back to Africa (Wilentz 22). Wilentz quotes Michele Cliff in her novel Abeng regarding her detailed history of Jamaica: The old women and men believed, before they had to eat salt during the sweated labor in the cane fields, Africans could fly. They were the only people on this Earth to whom God had given this power. Those who refused to be slaves and did not eat salt flew back to Africa (63). The Southern United States hold many versions of the legend as well. A very popular legend describes Africans who turn back around and fly over the ocean upon seeing their fate. This legend likely dates back to Igbos from Eastern Nigeria (Wilentz 23). The other describes an African that teaches slaves who are bound to the Earth how to fly, and then they soar back to Africa. However, the theme carried over into contemporary literature and is demonstrated in Morrisons other novels. Morrison deviates from common themes of flight as she sheds light on the womans position of behind left behind, as well as the flights that dont always land well. It is important to consider the history of the symbol as it lays the foundation for which Morrison builds her intended message.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grace Ann Hovet and Barbara Lounsberry explore in their journal Flying as a Symbol and Legend in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, Sula and Song of Solomon that Morrison tends to divide her characters into three different types of fliers. The first type are nesting birds. Nesting birds generally never dare to fly and place too much importance on the draw of home. The surviving members of the Dead Clan are nesters. Morrisons opinion on nesters are evident in how she represents her characters in her novel. Nesters are scorned for their stagnancy, and Morrison incorporates a peacock into her symbols and imagery to emphasize this. Peacocks are representative of everlasting life and the resurrection of Christ in traditional Christian symbolism and imagery (Jordan 1). Morrison, however, reverses the meaning of the traditional symbolism and crosses it over with the symbol of flight. She initially links the peacock to the bad of worldly treasure that Milkmans father, Macon Dead, first discovers when he is 16. The peacock is not representative of immortality, however, it is representative of the unhealthy attachments and obsession created between the family and their pursuit of wealth. This is reflected when Dead attempts to seize the bag of money he encountered upon murdering a man in Georgia. Hovet and Lounsberry mention, however, he is taken aback by the sight of it, Life, safety, and luxury fanned out before him like a peacock, as he stood there trying to distinguish each delicious color, he saw the dusty boots of his father standing just on the other side of the shallow pit (Morrison 264). He then promises to protect and uphold that treasure by investing it and marrying a wealthy woman. Milkman tells his father of the gold bag Pilate discovered, and recruits Milkman to steal it for him. Its mentioned that Milkman and Guitar also view gold from the nesters standpoint of prosperity and fulfillment (Hovet 133). The second type of flyer is the falling flyer, who is a daring and dangerous character that take a step of bravery that inevitably leads to their death. Mr. Smith is a falling flyer as he jumps off the hospital roof in the opening scene and dies. This sets a tone that Morrison carries in the novel: that the theme of flight can be linked to death. Though the second are not as well represented in Song of Solomon as it is in Morrisons other novels, the third type of flyers are very consistent throughout the text. The third type of flyers are soarers. Soarers are confident and closely drawn to their community. They represent actualization and self-fulfillment, and although Milkman caused great heartbreak to Hagar when he left, he could be considered a character identified as a soarer.We dont really know the outcome of Milkmans flight; pessimistic readers that assume he plummeted to his death may identify him as a falling flyer; but readers that believe Milkman truly learned to fly and conquered his demons would have faith that he is a soarer. Pilate could also be identified as a soarer as well, as   the novel states on page 510, Now he [Milkman] knew why he loved her so. Without ever leaving the ground, she could fly (Morrison 510). The strength and mobility of Pilate makes her a better-grounded character. She ultimately embodies every aspect of a soaring character. While flight has represented many themes of   liberation throughout the history of African American Literature, Morrisons adaptation of the theme highlights the outlying effects of flying characters. Morrison re examines the context of flight in previous cultures and re models it to reflect a contemporary grasp of the theme. Without the theme of flight present in the novel, Morrison would not have been able to develop her other symbols and imagery.