Consumer’s Perception of Risk of Online Transactions

Consumer’s Perception of Risk of Online Transactions Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate whether a consumers perception of risk in transacting on the internet (Perceived Risk) would have an influence on their trust of a banks e-banking website (Specific Trust) and their willingness to use e-banking. Data were collected from a survey and a usable sample of 202 was obtained. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis was used to test the model. The results showed that Perceived Risk has a direct influence on a consumers willingness to use e-banking and Specific Trust has a positive moderating influence on the relationship between Perceived Risk and a consumers willingness to use e-banking. Consumers who have low perceived risk of transacting on the internet are generally more willing to use e-banking. Their willingness to use e-banking was also shown to be more pronounced in cases where the consumer also trust their banks e-banking website. These findings are of particular relevance to banks. It highlights that a consumers wil lingness to use e-banking primarily depends on their perception of risk in transacting on the internet; trust of the specific e-banking website was secondary. This suggests the need for banks to not only employ mechanisms to build trust for their specific e-banking website, but that banks should first take measures to educate their customers and manage general consumer perceptions of the risks of transacting on the internet. Keywords: Trust, Perceived Risk, Internet, E-banking Adoption. Introduction In recent years, the advancement in technological developments in information technology has lead to the evolution of e-banking in the banking industry. The evolution of e-banking has fundamentally transformed the way banks traditionally conduct their businesses and the ways consumers perform their banking activities (Eriksson et al., 2008; Sayar and Wolfe, 2007). Today e-banking has experienced phenomenal growth and has become one of the main avenues for banks to deliver their products and services (Amato-McCoy, 2005). E-banking reaps benefits for both banks and its customers. From the banks perspective, e-banking has enabled banks to lower operational costs through the reduction of physical facilities and staffing resources required, reduced waiting times in branches resulting in potential increase in sales performance and a larger global reach (Sarel and Mamorstein, 2003). From the customers perspective, e-banking allows customers to perform a wide range of banking transactions electronically via the banks website anytime and anywhere (Grabner-Kraeuter and Faullant, 2008). In addition, customers no longer are confined to the opening hours of banks, travel and waiting times are no longer necessary, and access of information regarding banking services are now easily available (Hamlet, 2000). However the success of e-banking isnt without its problems. Firstly the adoption of e-banking has not kept pace with that of internet usage (White and Nteli, 2004). This gap is attributed to the lack of trust among bank customers, particularly among internet users age 65 and older (Ilett, 2005; Perumal and Shanmugam, 2005). Secondly, customers still prefer face to face interaction (Asher, 1999) due to reasons such as fear of the online environment and lack of trust in the internet. Recent literature on e-banking showed that the formation of trust can help reduce the impact of key inhibiting factors such as fears about using the online service among non-eÂÂ ­banking customers (Vatanasombut et al., 2008). Moreover, even with the increased usage of e-banking in recent years, banks are faced with a conundrum whilst e-banking does have its benefits of convenience and cost savings; the ease at which e-banking allows for switching back to traditional ways of banking consequently reduces long term customer commitment (Sarel and Mamorstein, 2003). The commitment-trust theory of Morgan and Hunt (1994) proposes that trust leads to commitment in relationships, and so, if trust is built amongst existing customers, over time they will become committed to the e-banking service, reducing the chances of customers jumping ship (Mukherjee and Nath, 2003; Vatanasombut et al., 2008). Evident in past literature is the fact that risk plays a role in the formation of trust (Chen and Dhillon, 2003; Pavlou, 2003), but what is not evident is the relationship risk has with trust especially in regards to the perceived risk consumers have in transacting on the internet. Past research studies into the area of risk found that it is not objective risk, but perceived risk which matter in the formation of trust (Bauer, 1960 as citied in BÃ ¼ttner and GÃ ¶ritz, 2008; Garbarino and Strahilevitz, 2004). A recent research study found that, perceived risk is directly related to an individuals adoption of e-banking with many past research studies showing that intention to use e-banking is often times affected by fears of theft or fraud (Gerrard et al., 2006). The relationship between perceived risk and trust is an underdeveloped area in the literature. Past work in the area of trust and perceived risk has not yet managed to fully determine the exact relationship which risk has on trust, as whilst risk is necessary for the formation of trust, it is not an antecedent of trust (Chen and Dhillon, 2003). Moreover, trust has been shown in the past to effect perceptions of risk, as well as having mediating effects through risk (Pavlou, 2003). Hence the purpose of this research is to investigate whether a customers perception of risk in the internet would have moderating effects on trust and a customers willingness to use e-banking. As noted by BÃ ¼ttner and GÃ ¶ritz, (2008), there is a lack of empirical studies in this area. Moreover by understanding the nature of risk and trust, banks can ascertain the steps necessary on their part to ensure that the trust which they have built in their services will indeed influence customers adoption and commitment to e-banking. Literature Review Trust in E-banking Trust is essential in situations where risk, uncertainty and interdependence exist (Mayer et al., 1995), and the online environment certainly encapsulates these factors. In an online environment, there is no direct physical contact between buyer and seller. This spatial distance means that consumers cannot use the physical cues, such as observing the sales staff or the physical office/store space, in order to judge trustworthiness (Reichheld and Schefter, 2000). Due to the global nature of the internet, consumers and e-retailers often face spatial and temporal separation as a result transactions carried out online often do not involve a simultaneous transaction of goods (or services) and money (Grabner-Kraeuter, 2002). This delay in time means that consumers can become increasingly uncertain whether the other party will actually perform their side of the transaction. Another reason for the increased need for trust in the online contexts is consumers fear for the sa fety of their personal information due to hackers or other harmful possibilities (Hoffman et al., 1999; Yoon, 2002). Apart from the necessities of trust in order to get consumers to purchase online as per the theory of reasoned action (Azjen and Fishbein, 1980), trust is also important for businesses to grow and maintain profitability, as per the commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing by Morgan and Hunt (1994). Past research studies have identified that one of the benefits of trust are committed customers (Casalo et al., 2007; Morgan and Hunt 1994). Loyal repeat customers are highly beneficial to organizations, as it is much cheaper to retain customers than it is to find and attract new customers (Reichheld and Schefter, 2000). In the online arena where substitutes are readily available, the benefits to businesses of having committed customers are plenty, hence the amount of research into the area (e.g. Casalo et al., 2007; Jarvenpaa et al., 2000; Vatanasombut et al., 2008). Numerous research studies have been conducted to identify what factors drive or inhibit the adoption of e-banking by consumers (Gerrard et al., 2006; Hernandez and Mazzon, 2007; Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006; Sayar and Wolfe, 2007). It has been identified that the lack of trust was one of the main reasons why consumers are still reluctant to conduct their financial transactions online (Flavian et al., 2006; Luarn and Lin, 2005; Mukherjee and Nath, 2003; Rotchanakitumnuai and Speece, 2003). In order for e-banking to be a viable medium of service delivery, banks today must try to narrow the trust gap due to the higher degree of uncertainty and risk in an online environment compared to traditional settings. Research studies conducted examining the role of trust in e-banking (e.g. Vatanasombut et al., 2008; Casalo et al., 2007; Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006; Rexha et al., 2003; Suh and Han, 2002), found that trust plays a key role in the adoption and continued use of e-banking. Furthermore, it was found that trust not only affects the intent to use e-banking (Liu and Wu, 2007; Suh and Han 2002), but trust in e-banking has also been found to be an antecedent to commitment in e-banking (Vatanasombut et al., 2008; Kassim and Abdulla, 2006), and is therefore useful to reduce the perceived risk that consumers feel is present in an online environment (Pavlou 2002). Perceived Risk and Trust Perceived risk is depicted as a concept that is complex, multifaceted and dynamic (Zhao et al., 2008, p.506). Perceived risk is defined as a consumers perceptions of the uncertainty and the possible undesirable consequences of buying a product or service (Littler and Melanthiou, 2006). In the online context, past research studies suggest the inclusion of perceived risk due to its importance in influencing online consumer behavior (Cunningham et al., 2005; Pavlou, 2003; Salam et al., 2003; Schlosser et al., 2006) and more so in the area of e-banking (Cunningham et al., 2005). As mentioned earlier, perceived risk is important in the formation of trust (Bauer, 1960 as cited in BÃ ¼ttner and GÃ ¶ritz, 2008; Garbarino and Strahilevitz, 2004). The body of the knowledge on trust has identified that risk is the element which gives rise to the need for trust when engaging in an activity which means that if there were no perceptions of risk, trust would not be necessary to engage in an activity, as actions could be taken with complete certainty (Yousafzai, 2003; Chen and Dhillon; 2003). There are two different types of risk that have been identified in relation to trust risks associated with a partner and risks associated with a type of transaction (BÃ ¼ttner and GÃ ¶ritz, 2008). Risks associated with a partner in general are perceptions that a particular interaction partner in a transaction will not perform their end of the bargain, and are formed from perceptions of the attributes of that interaction partner this type of risk should be inversely related to trust of that partner (Jarvenpaa et al., 2000). Essentially, the higher the trust one has in a partner, the less perceived risk in dealing with that partner. However, risk associated with a type of transaction has a different association with trust. The more risky a type of transaction is perceived to be, the more trust is required in order to engage in an interaction with that partner (Mayer et al., 1995). The relationship between risk and trust is a complex one, whilst risk is necessary to the creation of trust, it is not an antecedent to trust which means the presence of risk does not automatically equate to the formation of trust (Pavlou, 2002). According to Mayer et al. (1995, p.711) It is unclear whether risk is an antecedent to trust, or is an outcome of trust. Clearly, a gap of knowledge exists in this area, and further research is required so as to determine the relationship which risk has with trust, especially in the context of e-banking. However the area that interests the authors of this research is the work by Pavlou (2002) which found that the effect of trust on transaction intention could be moderated through perceived risk. This is a relationship which was originally proposed by Mayer et al. (1995), who postulated that the level of trust needed to engage in a risk taking behavior is influenced by the perception of risk inherent in that behavior. Pavlous (2002) work also called for future research so as to examine the complex interrelationships among trust, perceived risk and behavioral intention to reach definite conclusions. (Pavlou, 2002, p.125). This research aims to answer that call by testing perceived risk in the internet as a moderator in the relationship between a consumers trust in a banks e-banking website and the consumers willingness to use e-banking. Theoretical Framework The investigation of the role of trust in the use of e-banking necessitates the examination of two key theories the theory of reasoned action by Azjen and Fishbein (1980) and the commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing by Morgan and Hunt (1994). The theory of reasoned action states that a persons behavior is determined by their behavioral intent, which is in turn shaped by attitude and subjective norms (Azjen and Fishbein, 1980). Increased trust means that when a persons attitudes towards a particular behavior (in this case, using e-banking) are positive, it will likely increase a persons intent to perform that behavior. This has been supported by research in both the e-retailing context (Jarvenpaa et al., 2000), and also in the e-banking context (Liu et al., 2005), where trust has been shown to lead to a purchase intention. Further, Morgan and Hunt (1994) purports that by building trust over time, customers become committed to the relationship built, and will subsequently reciprocate with continued business. Past research in this area have extended the applicability of this commitment-trust relationship to the e-banking context (Casalo et al., 2007; Mukherjee and Nath, 2007; Vatanasombut et al., 2008). This gives rise to the first hypothesis for this research which forms the basic relationship between a consumers trust in a banks e-banking website (Specific Trust) and the consumers willingness to use e-banking. H1: Specific trust in e-banking has a direct effect on willingness to use e-banking Perceived risk is defined in this research as a consumers perceptions of risk in transactions using the internet, and is hypothesized to have a moderating role in the relationship between specific trust and the willingness to use e-banking. As mentioned previously in the literature review, there is little empirical research on the moderating effect of risk in the e-banking context. Work by Pavlou (2002) found that the effect of trust on transaction intention could be moderated by perceived risk, but called for further research in this area to confirm the complex interrelationships between these three constructs. Therefore, the authors of this research proposed the second hypothesis as: H2: Perceived risk has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between specific trust and willingness to use e-banking. Methodology To test the model, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken using an instrument containing 15 items. The 15 items used were established scales adapted from Doney and Canon (1995), Chow and Holden (1997), Jarvenpaa et al. (2000), Suh and Han (2002), Kim and Ahn (2006) and Verhagen et al. (2006) measuring specific trust, willingness to use and perceived risk. Great care was taken when adapting the scales to ensure that the original concepts being measured by the scale had theoretical congruence and relevance to this study. Each item is measured on a 7-point Likert scale with 0 denoting the low end and 6 the high end. The questionnaire was then preÂÂ ­tested on a non-probability sample of university staff. Refinements were made to the questionnaire based on feedback from the pre-test. All items in the final instrument were then reviewed by marketing academics for content validity. Measures The scale used to measure perceived risk was adapted from a number of scales which have similar theoretical congruence with the definition of risk perception in the theoretical framework. A few of the items in the scale used was sourced from Verhagen et al. (2006), which measured intermediary risk and was defined as the belief of a probability of suffering a loss due to the inability of the intermediary to provide sufficient protection against fraudulent and/or opportunistic sellers (p.545) which is similar to the definition of the perception of risk on the internet. In that, the consumers belief in a possibility of loss or harm as a result of the medium internet is being measured. The nature of the internet is such that, there is insufficient protection to consumers from fraudulent and/or opportunistic people, and so the use of items from Verhagen et al.s (2006) scale on intermediary risk was appropriate. Other items in the scale were sourced from the work of Jarvenpaa et al. (2000 ), Kim and Ahn (2006), and Chow and Holden (1997), which measured concepts such as risk perception and web-shopping risk, all of which was similar to the concept of perceived risk being operationalised. Minimal alterations were made to the items due the similarity of the concepts being measured. Whilst it would have been ideal to operationalise the construct of perceived risk in the internet with a singular scale, but there is a lack of scales in this area (Verhagen et al., 2006), therefore the use of a composite scale was necessary. To measure specific trust in e-banking, items from work of Doney and Canon (1995), Suh and Han (2002) and Jarvenpaa et al. (2000) were adapted. These items were chosen due to their semantics and wording. Items directly relating to interpersonal trust including the service of e-banking, and a belief in the benefits and trustworthiness of e-banking were used as part of the scale. Lastly, in measuring the willingness to use e-banking, items that measure at titudes and intentions towards using e-banking were chosen. Items in the scale were sourced from scales published by Verhagen et al. (2006), Pavlou (2003), and Kim and Ahn (2006). Demographic data were also collected for the purpose of classification and determining the generalisability of the results. Sample and Data Collection Representativeness, reliability of results as well as time and resource restraints were considered in determining the sample. The final sample was a non-probability sample of administrative and academic staff in ten departments across the five faculties of a large Australian university. University staff was chosen, as they were deemed to be more educated and informed about a range of issues. Therefore it is concluded that university staff would likely have a higher chance of responding to the survey, with more accuracy and honesty in their replies. Surveys were distributed physically and via online. Data collection took place over two weeks. A total of 218 returned questionnaires were yielded of which 202 passed manipulation checks and were usable. The response rate was 34.8%. Results Adoption of Internet and E-banking Descriptive analysis was used and a bar chart (Figure 2) was constructed to compare the year of adoption of the internet and the year of adoption of e-banking. In relation to internet adoption, the results showed that there was a slow growth in the adoption of internet prior to 1995. The rate of adoption increased significantly in the years 1995 to 2000 and dropped significantly after. As for the adoption of e-banking, the results showed that there was no apparent usage of e-banking till the late 1990s and after which the adoption of e-banking rose reaching its peak in 2006. Figure 2 illustrates how the adoption of e-banking has not kept up with the pace of internet usage this is consistent with the previous finding of White and Nteli (2004). Furthermore results also showed that there were still a significant number of people who have not adopted e-banking. Demographic variables were examined across the three constructs of specific trust, perceived risk and the willingness to use. The results in Table 1 showed that there were significant differences between gender and specific trust (sig. value 0.010, t-value 2.588) and perceived risk (sig. value 0.029, t-value 2.206) constructs. The means scores showed that males have higher specific trust (5.2748) and higher perceived risk (4.2916) as compared to females towards e-banking and the internet. For age, the results showed a significant difference between age and willingness to use (sig. level 0.017, f-value 4.161). The difference was found between respondents of age groups 29 and under, and 50 and above. The means scores showed that respondents who were age 29 and below (mean 5.603) were more willing to use e-banking as opposed to respondents who were 50 and above (mean -4.8571). For qualification, significant differences were present in the perceived risk (sig. level 0.020, f-value 4.991) and willingness to use (sig. level 0.030, f-value 4.932) constructs. In regards to perceived risk, the difference was found between respondents who have completed secondary school and respondents who have a post-graduate qualification. The means scores showed that respondents who had a post-graduate qualification (4.4355) have a higher perceived risk compared to those who had completed secondary school (3.4006). In relation to willingness to use, significant differences were found between three groups of respondents those who had a trade qualification/diploma, a tertiary degree and a post-graduate qualification. The means scores showed that respondents who had a post-graduate qualification has a higher willingness to use e-banking (5.6871) compared to those who had a trade qualification/diploma (4.5259) and those who had a tertiary degree (5.5925). Finally for income, significant differences were found between the different income groups in the perceived risk (sig. level 0.049, f-value 2.249) and willingness to use (sig. level 0.003, f-value 3.788) constructs. The two groups of respondents with income levels of $15,001 -$ 30,000 and $70,001 -$90,000 were found to be significantly different in the perceived risk construct. The means scores of the two groups showed that respondents with an income level of $70,001 $90,000 had a higher perceived risk (4.6057) compared to respondents with an income level of $15,001 $ 30,000. In relation to willingness to use, significant difference was found between two groups $30,001 $50,000 and $50,001 $70,000. A comparison of the means scores showed that respondents who had an income level of $50,001 $70,000 (5.8625) were more willing to use e-banking compared to those who had an income level of $30,001 $50,000 (4.6513). Model Testing In order to validate the measures of each construct, exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal components extraction with varimax rotation. The items in each factor were then tested for scale reliability using standard Cronbach alpha indices. As the items for both perceived risk and specific trust in e-banking were used together as a single scale in the survey instrument, factor analysis was ran on them both, to ensure that the two different factors were still valid. To check for the appropriateness of the data for factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartletts Test of Sphericity was examined. Results showed that the KMO statistic for the data set was 0.885 and the Bartlett test showed that non-zero correlations exist at the 0.000 significance level. This indicates that the data is appropriate for factor analysis. The results of the factor analysis showed that two factors were indeed present, however, one of the items from the scale measuring specific trust in e-banking Compared with other forms of banking, e-banking would be more risky had moved to the factor measuring perceived risk (see Table 2 , item marked with asterisk). A reliability analysis was conducted on this adjusted factor; a Cronbach alpha ind ex of .926 was obtained. The factor loading of the item, whilst not very high at .651 was much higher than the items alternate factor loading which was .253. The item content was examined, and was found to also be applicable to the context of perceived risk due to the items wording which could be interpreted as a higher perception of risk in the medium of the Internet in comparison to other mediums. Given all these results, it was decided that the adjusted factor would be used as is in the analysis. Items measuring the construct of willingness to use e-banking were also analysis to ensure that it was indeed a singular factor (Table 3). The results showed that the KMO statistic for the data set was 0.873 and the Bartlett test showed that non-zero correlations exist at the 0.000 significance level. This indicates that the data is appropriate for factor analysis. The results revealed a uniÂÂ ­dimensional structure, and corroborated that all five items in the scale loaded onto one factor. The factor loadings of each item were high, indicating strong relevance of each item within the scale. When in combination with the high Cronbach alpha of .957, the results of the analysis show that this factor is a highly useful measure. Regression Analysis To test the relationship between the constructs of specific trust, perceived risk and willingness to use e-banking, hierarchical moderated regression was conducted. This method was proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) to examine moderating effects. In conducting hierarchical moderated regression analysis, a series of regressions were performed. The first regression (Model 1) involved regressing the dependent variable (DV) on the independent variable (IV); the second regression (Model 2) involved regressing the DV on the IV and the moderator; and the final regression (Model 3) regressing the DV on the IV, the moderator, and a cross-product of the DV and the moderator. The three regression models were tested for explanatory power, and yielded R-squared values of 0.396, 0.454, and 0.508 respectively (see Table 4). Results of the R-squared comparisons showed that Model 3, which included specific trust, perceived risk, and the cross product of specific trust and perceived risk, had significantly improved R-squared values from Model 1 and Model 2. The analysis yielded results quite different to what was hypothesized. Besides Model 1 where specific trust was the only IV in the regression, specific trust was shown not to have a direct influence on the DV of willingness to use e-banking. Rather, perceived risk was shown to have a direct influence on the DV of willingness to use e-banking in Models 2 and 3. Model 3, which had the greatest R-squared value, suggests that it is not specific trust that influences a consumers willingness to use e-banking, but rather perceived risk. The regression coefficients from Model 3 (see Table 5) showed that perceived ris k had a significant negative impact on willingness to use e-banking (p = 0.000, Beta = -1.179, t = -5.588). Specific trust in e-banking instead was found to have a positive moderating influence on the relationship between perceived risk and willingness to use e-banking (p = 0.000, Beta = 0.759, t = 4.386). The results derived from the regression analysis thus do not support the two hypotheses H1 and H2. It appears that the roles of the independent variable and the moderator have swapped. Figure 3 shows the amended model reflecting these new roles, where the independent variable of perceived risk is shown having a primary role with a direct influence on a consumers willingness to use e-banking and specific trust in the banks e-banking website having a secondary role as a moderator. Discussion and Implications Adoption of Internet and E-banking The results showed that there was no apparent usage of e-banking till the late 1990s. This was firstly attributed to the late adoption of e-banking facilities by the four major banks in Australia. It was only at the end of 1997 when e-banking facilities were provided by the banks in Australia (Sathye, 1999). Secondly, a report by the Australia Bureau of Statistics (1999) stated that the use of internet by adults to pay bills and transfer funds were only approximately 2 per cent during that time. These findings deserve attention, as Australians were considered to be technology savvy being at the forefront of United States as the worlds third highest users of electronic point of transfer (Eftpos) in the 1990s (Macfarlane, 1997). However there were other reasons for the late adoption of e-banking in Australia. These reasons include the lack of knowledge of service availability, the internet website being not user friendly, and security concerns (Sathye, 1999). In the last decade, banks have addressed these problems through the use of effective marketing strategies, education and adopting innovative technology in security measures and information technology. It has proven to be effective as the latest statistics showed that approximately 40% of the internet users in Australia have adopted e-banking (comScore, 2008). This proportion however is still relatively low, and concurs with the results of past research such as White and Nteli (2004), Lichtenstein and Williamson (2006), and the current research showing that the adoption of e-banking has not kept up with the pace of internet usage. This is despite figures for internet access quadrupling from 16% to 67% in the last decade from 1998 to 2007/08 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Demographics and Specific Trust, Perceived Risk and the Willingness to Use Constructs Results showed that respondents who are aged 29 and below, earning an income level of $50,001 $70,000 and with post graduate qualifications were more willing to use e-banking. This finding is congruent with the findings of past studies that claimed that consumers who are well educated and with higher incomes are more willing to engage e-banking services (Kolodinsky et al., 2000; Gartner, 2003). Furthermore results of this study concur with past research studies on the unwillingness to use e-banking by the older/elderly generation (Ilett, 2005; Perumal and Shanmugam, 2005). Further examination of the results showed that respondents who are unwilling to use e-banking have a trade qualification/diploma and are earning an income of $30,001 $50,000. In relation to the perceived risk constructs, males who have a post graduate qualification and earning $70,001 -$90,000 have higher perceived risk. This finding is rather surprising as it does not concur with previous studies which found females to have a higher perceived risk. Females were found to be more concerned on the level of risk in technology (Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006), more anxious with privacy protection and ethical standards (Shergill and Li, 2005) and have greater fears in new technologies such as the internet (Morahan-Martin, 2000) compared to males. Further examination of the results showed that respondents who have a lower perceived risk are females, earning an income of $15,001-$30,000 and have completed secondary school. Results from this research showed that males have higher specific trust than females regardless of income, age and qualification. Drawing from the findings of the perceived risk construct, an interesting discovery was made males have higher perceived risk as well as higher specific trust compared to the females. The authors of this study propose that a possible reason for this may be explained by a higher level of involvement in banking services in males. This should be con

Dorothea Orem’ Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing Essay

Description of key points of the theory The self-care deficit theory â€Å"provides a way of looking at and investigating what nurses do† (Blais & Hayes, 2011, p. 102). It speaks to activities that individuals can perform independently to maintain life, health, and wellbeing. The theory outlines the three different categories of self-care requisites – which is required by all individuals. It revealed that overtime there may be the need to obtain assistance, and making adjustments because of changes in health, development or body image. When there is a self-care deficit, an individual experiences health related limitations and at this point he or she is unable to perform tasks independently, and so he or she benefits from nursing care. However, the concept of the nursing system, allows nurses to support individuals according to his or her ability to perform personal care (Blais & Hayes, p. 102, 2011). Historical background Dorothea Orem was born 1914 in Baltimore Maryland. She began her nursing career in Washington D.C. and got her diploma in the early 1930’s (Nursing Theories, 2014). She developed the Self-care Deficit Nursing Theory –SCDNT in 1956 (Alligood, p. 261, 2010). Orem’s theory highlights self-care as a human need, and allows nurses to develop interventions to encourage self-care. The aim of the theory is to help individuals and their families to maintain control of their health during the continuum of life. The  general theory is referred to as the Self-care deficit theory of nursing and was first published in 1971 (Blais & Hayes, p. 102, 2011). Orem’s idea of an individual’s independence is manifested in her sub theories: self-care, self-care deficit and nursing systems (Kozier, Erb, Berman, & Snyder, 2004). The self-care theory is further broken down into four ideas: self-care – which refers to how individuals can help themselves, self-care agen cy – the potential of the person to perform care, self-care requisites – are the actions that are taken to perform self-care, and the therapeutic self-care demand – all the actions employed to maintain health (Kozier, et al, 2004). For persons who are unable to act as self- care agents, the nursing system adequately supports them so that their needs can be met. Explain how the selected theorist’s approach to each element of the metaparadigm applies to the following: Nursing practice Nursing education Nursing research Term Definition Applied to Nursing Practice Applied to Nursing Education Applied to Nursing Research Person According to Nursing Theories (2014), â€Å"In Orem’s nursing theory a person is defined as the recipient of care who has the potential for learning and development. A person can engage in deliberate actions, interpret experiences and perform beneficial actions† (para 2) With the use of Orem’ theory, the nurse is able to identify the patients’ developmental level and the care that is required. The theory allows autonomy for nursing as a profession through the continuous use of evidence based practice in decision making. Through education, balance is maintained in nursing practice. Patients are allowed primary control over their health although health care providers assist with education, promote and encourage healthy practices, and lifestyle modification. According to Bernier (2002) â€Å"Orem’s Theory guides nursing practice with theoretical concepts and goal setting providing a foundation upon which nurses can question the practice and expand the avenue for nursing research† (p. 384-90). Health Orem’s definition of health was similar to that of the World Health organization. (Nursing Theories, 2014). According to Nursing Theories (2014), health is â€Å"state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity† (para 5). As the theory applies to health and the nursing practice, it reflects patients’ self-care limitations. However, it permits judgments to be made so that the appropriate plan of care can be created, administered, and the benefits reaped by the patients. The theory also allows patients to use self-care to maintain optimal health and independence while nurses perform primary evaluation and implement the nursing process to meet other needs in order of priority. The nurse has an important, and possible challenging role at this moment. However, to improve health, it is important that patients are educated about current illness and the plan of care that will be performed so that optimal health can be restored. Education on medication regimen is important because it encourages compliance with treatment and increases knowledge on maintenance of good health. Orem’s theory impacts health, and boost nursing research through the gathering and analyzing of patients’ data. The information that is collected is used appropriately to measure the nursing care that can be implemented to improve an individual’s health. Nursing Nursing is a personal service that help individuals to identify and develop ways to help or care for them self (Nursing Theories, 2014). Orem’ theory encourages patient – nurse relationship, care being the primary focus and  the ultimate goal is health restoration. It encourages patient’ independence while holistic care is administered through constant reassessments. A plan of care is implemented through evidence based practice, and a comprehensive assessment performed using the self-care requisites. Through supportive –education, nurses are able to strengthen patients as self-care agency. This is done primarily through teaching and guiding. Patients are encouraged to voice concerns, and together nurses and patients explore the most appropriate choices that will enhance the healing process. Nurses ensure that there is a collaboration by making self-care agents provide input into decision making. Through Orem’s control operations, nurses evaluate t he quality and quantity of self-care that the self-care agent is able to perform, and judge the effectiveness of the measures (Alligood, p. 268, 2010). Through evidence based practice, plan of care is revised, and corrective measures are put in place. Environment Environment is the surrounding of an individual that affects his or her capability to perform self-care tasks (Nursing Theories, 2014). Self-care is a learned behavior and it is influenced by an individual’s environment. For an individual to be able to perform self-care, he or she has to be in an environment that is conducive to such act, while he or she is provided with psychological support. To promote self-care, it is important that individuals are educated about their environment and tools that are available to help with the maintenance of health. Through education patients are able to practice self-care, while nurses monitor and regulate his or her actions. An individual’ health status is influenced by his or her environment. With the aid of the patient and involved family members, information about the individual’s environment can be gathered and the necessary plan of care implemented. References Alligood, M. R. (2010). Nursing Theory: Utilization and Application (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database Bernier, F. (2002). Applying orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing to continence care: Part 2. Urologic Nursing, 22(6), 384-90. Blais, K. K., &  Hayes, J. S. (2011). Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and Perspectives (6th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Kozier, B., Erb, G., Berman, A., & Snyder, S. (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing: concepts, process, and practice (7th ed.). Upper saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., Nursing Theories. (2014). Biography of Dorothea Orem. Retrieve from http://nursingtheories.info/dorothea-orem-self-care-deficit-nursing-theory/ Nursing Theories. (2014). Dorothea Orem: Self Care Deficit Nursing Theory. Retrieve from http://nursingtheories.info/dorothea-orem-self-care-deficit-nursing-theory/

Fight In Song of Solomon - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1122 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Religion Essay Level High school Topics: Song of Solomon Essay Did you like this example? The symbol of flight has been present in literature throughout many cultures. Often it is used in literature as a symbol of freedom in a sense that it appeals to a sensory-stimulated bliss that defies traditional weight pressure (Hovet 119). The history of flight as a symbol in African American Literature is readapted in Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon by categorizing her characters into different flyers that represent different outcomes of taking the leap. Traditionally, the use of the symbol represents the liberation of being grounded to Earth but released into tranquility and nirvana; by escaping your worldly self, you can fly to a point past humanity. Morrsion explores other ideas through her characters, for example, it is also represented in the multiple men that abandon women throughout the duration of the novel. By exploring different situations in the text where flight is demonstrated, the reader can determine how the theme applies to the characters of the text and how Morrison intended for the theme to be adapted. Though Morrison intricately develops other themes in her novel, such as abandoned women, misogyny, the alienating effects of oppression, and marginalization, the theme of flight is thoroughly layered throughout multiple examples in the text. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fight In Song of Solomon" essay for you Create order   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flight has been a prevalent symbol in African American Literature in the past. Gay Wilentz explains in his journal If You Surrender to the Air: Folk Legends of Flight and Resistance in African American Literature that theme of flight is present throughout the African diaspora of slaves. Both written and oral accounts suggest the theme was originally adapted from slaves who jump the side of the slave vessel, committing suicide in fear of what is ahead of them. However, folk lore said instead of falling to their doom they instead flew away back to Africa (Wilentz 22). Wilentz quotes Michele Cliff in her novel Abeng regarding her detailed history of Jamaica: The old women and men believed, before they had to eat salt during the sweated labor in the cane fields, Africans could fly. They were the only people on this Earth to whom God had given this power. Those who refused to be slaves and did not eat salt flew back to Africa (63). The Southern United States hold many versions of the legend as well. A very popular legend describes Africans who turn back around and fly over the ocean upon seeing their fate. This legend likely dates back to Igbos from Eastern Nigeria (Wilentz 23). The other describes an African that teaches slaves who are bound to the Earth how to fly, and then they soar back to Africa. However, the theme carried over into contemporary literature and is demonstrated in Morrisons other novels. Morrison deviates from common themes of flight as she sheds light on the womans position of behind left behind, as well as the flights that dont always land well. It is important to consider the history of the symbol as it lays the foundation for which Morrison builds her intended message.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grace Ann Hovet and Barbara Lounsberry explore in their journal Flying as a Symbol and Legend in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, Sula and Song of Solomon that Morrison tends to divide her characters into three different types of fliers. The first type are nesting birds. Nesting birds generally never dare to fly and place too much importance on the draw of home. The surviving members of the Dead Clan are nesters. Morrisons opinion on nesters are evident in how she represents her characters in her novel. Nesters are scorned for their stagnancy, and Morrison incorporates a peacock into her symbols and imagery to emphasize this. Peacocks are representative of everlasting life and the resurrection of Christ in traditional Christian symbolism and imagery (Jordan 1). Morrison, however, reverses the meaning of the traditional symbolism and crosses it over with the symbol of flight. She initially links the peacock to the bad of worldly treasure that Milkmans father, Macon Dead, first discovers when he is 16. The peacock is not representative of immortality, however, it is representative of the unhealthy attachments and obsession created between the family and their pursuit of wealth. This is reflected when Dead attempts to seize the bag of money he encountered upon murdering a man in Georgia. Hovet and Lounsberry mention, however, he is taken aback by the sight of it, Life, safety, and luxury fanned out before him like a peacock, as he stood there trying to distinguish each delicious color, he saw the dusty boots of his father standing just on the other side of the shallow pit (Morrison 264). He then promises to protect and uphold that treasure by investing it and marrying a wealthy woman. Milkman tells his father of the gold bag Pilate discovered, and recruits Milkman to steal it for him. Its mentioned that Milkman and Guitar also view gold from the nesters standpoint of prosperity and fulfillment (Hovet 133). The second type of flyer is the falling flyer, who is a daring and dangerous character that take a step of bravery that inevitably leads to their death. Mr. Smith is a falling flyer as he jumps off the hospital roof in the opening scene and dies. This sets a tone that Morrison carries in the novel: that the theme of flight can be linked to death. Though the second are not as well represented in Song of Solomon as it is in Morrisons other novels, the third type of flyers are very consistent throughout the text. The third type of flyers are soarers. Soarers are confident and closely drawn to their community. They represent actualization and self-fulfillment, and although Milkman caused great heartbreak to Hagar when he left, he could be considered a character identified as a soarer.We dont really know the outcome of Milkmans flight; pessimistic readers that assume he plummeted to his death may identify him as a falling flyer; but readers that believe Milkman truly learned to fly and conquered his demons would have faith that he is a soarer. Pilate could also be identified as a soarer as well, as   the novel states on page 510, Now he [Milkman] knew why he loved her so. Without ever leaving the ground, she could fly (Morrison 510). The strength and mobility of Pilate makes her a better-grounded character. She ultimately embodies every aspect of a soaring character. While flight has represented many themes of   liberation throughout the history of African American Literature, Morrisons adaptation of the theme highlights the outlying effects of flying characters. Morrison re examines the context of flight in previous cultures and re models it to reflect a contemporary grasp of the theme. Without the theme of flight present in the novel, Morrison would not have been able to develop her other symbols and imagery.

American Culture During Wwii The Attack On Pearl Harbor

American Culture During WWII The attack on Pearl Harbor changed the lives of Americans all over the country. It required many people s way of life to change in order for us to win the war. To help make supplies for war, women had to get jobs as welders and electricians in defense plants. People used their radios to get reports on the fighting overseas(The U.S.). Most Americans first heard about the attack on Pearl Harbor through the radio. A radio station in Pittsburgh provided an eyewitness account. We have witnessed this morning the attack of Pearl Harbor and a severe bombing of Pearl Harbor by army planes, undoubtedly Japanese (Reinhardt). Footage of the Pearl Harbor attack was not released by the government for a full year†¦show more content†¦army had around 1.5 members at the beginning of the war. By the end of the war, there were 12 million members. This means that millions of young men s lives were changed because of this war(The American). World War II changed the lives of Japanese Americans all across the country. The U.S. government believed that anyone with Japanese ancestry was capable of treachery. Over 120,000 Japanese families were relocated to makeshift camps. Even though their family members had been imprisoned, young Japanese men still fought in the U.S. army(The U.S.). The war caused a serious change in economic and social patterns. Industry responded to the military’s needs. The Ford assembly plant in Richmond changed its focus to building Sherman Tanks. The Richmond Shipyards built more ships during the war than any time(Everyday). Economically, the war effectively ended the Great Depression. Military spending gave the U.S. economy the boost it had desperately needed. It effectively ended the Great Depression (Winkler). A large network of wartime agencies was developed to coordinate war production. FDR wasn t for closing agencies or firing people who worked for him, so he created one agency after another, which caused competition. This helped fuel the war effort (Winkler). Citizens bought billions of dollars worth of bonds to help ease the cost of war. They saved supplies, such as rubber and metal, to be rec ycled into military materials(Winkler).

The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of...

The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Planning INTRODUCTION Human population growth, overpopulation, and earth’s biological carrying capacity have been concerns of scientists for many years. In 1679 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek estimated that the maximum number of people Earth can support is 13.4 billion and estimates have continued to vary drastically since then (Cohen, 1995). There are many ecological indicators, including desertification and water problems, which point to the likelihood that we are approaching our limit. There are many sub issues within this overall problem that must be addressed in order to work towards solving this problem, including sustainable living, water shortages, etc. However,†¦show more content†¦This was then multiplied by the area of the region and then all the regions were summed. Another method used by analysts was fitting mathematical curves to historical population sizes and extrapolating them into the future. A third method was to focus on a single assumed constraint on population, such as food, and how much of that constraint is needed for survival. However, this method does not take into account other constraints. A fourth method used was to reduce multiple requirements needed for survival to the amount of a single factor. For example, food, paper, timber, etc. were reduced to the area of land required to grow or produce them. A fifth method used involves the idea of population size being constrained by multiple independent factors, or the sum total of constraints. Liebig’s law of the minimum is used here, which states that the population size of a species is constrained by whatever resource is in shortest supply. The sixth method used involves the idea that population size is constrained by multiple interdependent factors and scientists have used system models to describe this. This method is probably the most accurate since it allows for changes in endogenous and exogenous variables. It takes into account that carrying capacity is always changing and is not stati c. Another idea that has been brought up, but not employed, is that nations should calculate their human carrying capacity separately. However, resources needed oftenShow MoreRelatedOverpopulation And The Problem Of Overpopulation1388 Words   |  6 Pagescondition wherein the total population of a particular region far exceeds the carrying capacity of the region. Although the term by and large refers to the ratio between population and the available area, the ratio between the population and available resources cannot be ignored. First, the rate at which the population is growing; the data compiled by the United Nations shows that the world population grew by 30 percent between 1990 and 2010. Second, the distribution of population; with China and IndiaRead MoreEssay on The Growing Population1374 Words   |  6 PagesA Growing Population: Problem or Excuse? The current worldwide population is around 6.9 billion and is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050 (Baird). This projected population number is down from the once predicted 16 billion (Baird) and while some are not concerned others are worried by any increase in population. Population growth is discussed in the articles â€Å"Too Many People?† by Vanessa Baird; â€Å"Population Control: How Can There Possibly Be Too Many of Us?† by Frank Furedi; and â€Å"The PopulationRead MoreOverpopulation Crisis1246 Words   |  5 Pagescould also be part of the solution. A few of these factors are discussed in an interview with Melanie Asriel, the Psychological Sciences Instructor at WKU of Glasgow, Kentucky. According to Melanie Asriel, â€Å"The lack of family planning and contraceptive use has contributed to this problem†¦contraception, education, and the including of available abortion†¦all kinds of education, such as, sex education, contraceptive educat ion†¦ would be my solution to an over-population problem† (M. Asriel, personal communicationRead More A Cleaner Future: A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction Program1378 Words   |  6 PagesA Cleaner Future: A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction Program Introduction Pollution is a major problem globally and it becomes greater as the human population continues to rise exponentially. One of the major problems with increased population is higher waste production, which creates increased air, soil, and water pollution. To resolve this problem waste reduction must be of primary importance in preventing and reducing pollution. Waste management can be an expensive undertakingRead MoreThe Current World s Population1409 Words   |  6 Pagess population is approximately seven billion people, and the amount of time that it takes for the population to increase by another billion is decreasing with each billion. According to the World Population Data sheet, there will be about eight billion people by the year 2020, and this is due to its continuation of growth (Southwick 159). A clear understanding of the causes and what might possibly happen is the first step to dealing with the population crisis. The world s human population hasRead MoreThe Problem Of The Overpopulation Problem1122 Words   |  5 PagesPerhaps one solution for the overpopulation problem is to provide all children, who have reached puberty with Reproductive Education License of Four (REL4). REL4 is a two-step solution program that will provide education and contraception, which will decrease the population growth. Jennifer Weeks (2015) article, â€Å"Global Population Growth,† discusses the number of women without access to birth control. Research conducted by a nonprofit organization showed nearly 225 million women globally, includingRead MoreEffects Of Population Pollution Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pages Population around the world is growing rapidly each year, which is unfortunately causing negative impacts on the environment. Each day the air around us is becoming more polluted as the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere caused by human activities increases each day. As populati on continues to gradually increase, it is causing harmful effects in terms of air pollution. An increase in the number of people directly varies with the pollution that is emitted into the environment. MoresoRead MoreIndia and China Overpopulation Essays1203 Words   |  5 PagesHuman population is drastically increasing by the second, with the addition of one billion people every 12 years. Overpopulation creates an abundant amount of issues ranging from environmental and social problems. Nations attaining copious amounts of population introduce a wide array of problems to the world around and such nations. These environmental problems consist of but are not limited to lack of resources such as food and water; which may cause malnutrition in large populations, poor air qualityRead MoreOverpopulation can be described as the failure of the world’s resources to sustain the population.1600 Words   |  7 Pagessustain the population. The limited natural resources have increase d challenges for countries facing this. This paper covers the effects of overpopulation in the world today. The current worlds population is approximately six billion people, and the amount of time that it takes for the population to increase by another billion is decreasing with each billion. It is estimated that they will be about eight billion people by the year 2020, and this is due to its continuation of growth† (Southwick 159)Read MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The World Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthere exists one underlying cause, overpopulation. The human population has reached a record 7,467,374,326 people as of 11/27/2016, and is growing at an exponential rate (Current World Population). With the Earth’s number of occupants multiplying so rapidly, our need for resources escalates alongside it. According to Edward O. Wilson, a sociobiologist at Harvard University, â€Å"the planet can hold 10 billion people at the uppermost population limit.†(How Many People Can Earth Support?) Once we reach that

The Importance of Tourism for the Malaysian Economy in a Recession Free Essays

Given the relatively small size of our economy, Malaysia is a country heavily reliant on exports as a source of income. Manufacturing, our biggest foreign exchange earner, currently accounts for the bulk (70%) of total exports led by electronic parts and components, followed by commodities such as oil and gas as well as palm oil. As long as this over-dependency remains, Malaysia will always be exposed to the risks of the cyclical nature of global ICT product demand and the speculative prices of raw materials. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Tourism for the Malaysian Economy in a Recession or any similar topic only for you Order Now Based on the growth experience of industrialized economies, manufacturing has also already reached its optimum share of 30% contribution to the Malaysian GDP. In other words, traditional means of exports will continue to decline and diversification of our export earnings is imperative for us to compensate for the resulting gaps. Dato Seri Najib Razak’s recent announcement of further liberalization to the services sector couldn’t have been more well-timed. Through this, we can expect to speed up our reduction of on imported services while boosting our exports (in various other categories) to register a healthier overall bank balance. We’ve only just started seeing trade surplus for services since 2007. This would not have been possible without tourism, which contributes to almost 50% of the services sector and Malaysia’s 2nd largest foreign exchange earner. Besides having an incredible multiplier effect in terms of income and employment distribution due to far-reaching linkages to other sectors (construction, finance, insurance, manufacturing etc. – tourism, unlike other goods or services, has no exact substitutes; meaning demand for holidays is more likely to grow rather than be traded with something else. Neither is it subjected to price fluctuations affected by speculative factors like commodities for example. If the index of average international tourist expenditure equals the price of the international product , prices received enjoy greater stability versus raw materials. In fact, prices have tended to increase in a stable manner due to among other things, demand for holidays and the rigidity of destination supply in the short and medium term. Tourism also has the capacity to recover foreign-currency investment in a shorter time – a strong motivation for FDI inflows to the country. The UNWTO estimates that a medium-class beach hotel in a developing country will earn back in 1 year the entire foreign exchange required to build and equip it. In this bleak climate however, decline in international arrivals is naturally expected. Unless enough measures are put in place to safeguard the industry – the impact would overwhelming on not just travel per se, but on a massive chunk of businesses that rely on tourism as a demand stimulus. There are several key things we need to do. Firstly, we need to be extremely targeted in terms of our source markets. This recession is quickly speeding up the shift of economic power to emerging economies – the result of the contrast between the excess of savings in Asia and the debt burden of Europe and North America. While it is a global downturn, China, India, and MENA region are still expected to post positive growth – which is a far cry from the -3% growth forecasted for developed countries. Besides ASEAN, contribution of international arrivals from these countries will make up a substantial share of our prospects. What this also means, is that our ASEAN counterparts would be vying for the same piece of the pie. Even more difficult is the fact ASEAN destinations share their own equivalent of what Malaysia offers as a travel destination – common key interests like cultural experiences, beaches and spas, historical monuments, shopping, local cuisine, sports etc. As witnessed from most communication efforts both regionally and globally, countries have more often than not packaged these attractions together in a beautifully crafted montage of pictures either on television or print advertising that spells out what a destination has to offer. During a time when such demonstrations become expected proof of value, how do we then break through the clutter and arrest the traveler’s attention? To do this, we need to create ideas that mean something to them, ideas they would want to spend their time with. Value need not necessarily mean tangible or functional attractions to a traveler alone. Rather than starting with the multitude of things a destination has to offer, we need to look at our arrival prospects as people first – and identify a fundamental need, that could be emotional or rational, before tailoring our destination to resolve them. An example of how this approach has worked lies within Tourism Malaysia’s own communications targeting the South and West Asian markets by JWT-Sen Media Malaysia in 2008. In India, 2 large and rapidly growing segments of travelers were identified – honeymooners and young, affluent working couples with kids. Surveys revealed an interesting discovery amongst newlyweds, the fact that a majority of marriages in India were still largely arranged, by choice. A honeymoon for them is akin to a couple on a first date, where an awkward tension exists between both parties. By tapping on this, we demonstrated the emotional value of a Malaysian holiday by telling a story of how a relatively unknown man called a husband becomes a close friend of a woman with each passing day, having gone through different experiences in Malaysia together. As for young families – the main motivation behind a holiday is to indulge in quality time with their family, as 55% feel they don’t spend enough time with their children back home. To capture this segment, a story of a busy, successful boss who rediscovers the dad in him was spun around a holiday experience in Malaysia. Similarly for West Asia, we tapped on a finding that the target looked forward to the refreshing feeling of â€Å"water† when they go on a holiday, as it’s a transient form of escapism from their natural surroundings. We sought to bring this feeling to life by weaving a tale about a little girl who comes to Malaysia with her parents, equipped with a tiny parasol, looking for cool hills and the excitement of rain†¦and finds it. Through selling value based on fundamental â€Å"people† motivations instead of purely selling the destination, Malaysia posted a growth of arrivals from India by 28% within the months of October to December 2008 (when the campaigns ran) versus the same period during a recession-free 2007. In the largest West Asian markets – Saudi Arabia and Iran posted an astonishing 47% and 64% growth in arrivals respectively. The question we need to ask ourselves now is – what are travelers looking for in these times, and how do they want to feel? Once this has been identified – it’s a matter of ensuring the most efficient way to reach them. While this sounds seemingly simple, the proliferation of channels to reach ever-changing consumers is continuing to evolve rapidly. It’s no longer enough to assume threshold weight on traditional mediums like print or TV advertising alone to talk to different segments of travelers with incredibly different needs. The availability of broadband connections has expanded speedily in our target markets – the number of Internet users in China has grown by over 40% YOY to 298 million in 2008, whereas in India, a growth of 33% was seen among urban users. Increasingly, travelers in the Asia Pacific region prefer to plan their travels online – 75% of them in fact, as evidenced by the latest PATA/Visa Travel Intentions Survey; strongly catalyzed by the growth in low-cost airlines over the years, where most transactions happen online. Planning usually kicks off broad based, before honing into destinations that arrest their attention for more focused planning. The Internet allows travelers to find what interests them more easily and connect with like-minded people in ways they never could before. Top sources for information are travel, hotel, airline websites, as well as word-of-mouth and recommendations. Where the latter stemmed mostly from family and friends in the past; it has found its way to be readily available in the form of travel blogs, networking sites and various other forums. The Internet as an alternative media channel is unrivalled in its targeting and accountability, providing the capability to track what people search for and where they surf – and allow communications and information to be tailored specifically to travelers’ presumed special interests. The on-going advancements of the infrastructure also give much fluidity to the medium; allowing the creation of the destination experience digitally to make travelers feel a certain way; which is far more powerful than asking people to think about the value. In the TV era, getting trial happened at the end of the marketing process – now it can be the start. How to cite The Importance of Tourism for the Malaysian Economy in a Recession, Papers

Historical Periods in Music Essay Example For Students

Historical Periods in Music Essay It also mediated between the earthly and the divine. It was trough art that the church revealed its earthly and divine power Monophonic was the principal texture for music of this period until polyphony was developed by the end of the era Different chants from the sacred text HAKE DIES (on this day) 1. Gregorian chant: this particular chant is responsible, where a soloist and a choir alternate in a manner of call and response 2. Organza: First type of polyphony. The new over the old: faster line (voice) over a slow Gregorian chant, which is mostly indistinguishable and symbolic 3. Motet: political vocal composition (polyphonic). The instrumental line is based on the original Gregorian chant Syllable singing: when you have a note for every syllable Melodramatic singing: Many notes per syllable The Renaissance (1450-1600) It was the next phase in a cultural process that, under the leadership of the church, universities and princely courts, had long been under way This era marks the passing of European society from an orientation to a more secular one, and from an age of unquestioning faith to one of belief in reason and scientific inquiry. The focus of human destiny was seen to be life on earth rather tan the here after People began to rely more on the evidence of the senses. This awakening found its Historical Periods in Music By labor Some characteristics that set the difference between the renaissance and medieval culture Introduction of gunpowder Development of the compass, which enabled voyages of discovery The discovery of the Americas, which had an essential influence on European economy and society Culture spreads more equitably with the introduction of printing, helping revive ancient writings Support to musicians of the sixteenth century came from the most important social institutions: church, city and the state, as well as from royal and aristocratic courts. Composers and musical works Joaquin des Perez (1440-1521): Eave Maria (4 voice motet, STAB 1502) Giovanni periling dad Palestinian (1525-1594): Gloria from the Pope Marcella Mass (6 voices, c. 1562) Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643): A UN guiro sol (5-vote madrigal, STATS, 1603) Madrigal: Secular vocal music for about five singers which was base don poetry. Golden section . 618 proportion used to structure music The Baroque Era (1600-1750) The term was derived from the Portuguese barrio, a Pearl of irregular shape much used in the Jewelry of the time Social aspects from the Baroque Era Rupees wealth from the Americas continues to grow Imperial battles to dominate the world The middle classes acquired wealth and power in their struggle against the aristocracy Contradictions: Appalling poverty and wasteful luxury; magnificent idealism and savage oppression An era of absolute monarchy. Baroque Culture Baroque art: Splendor, vigor, elaborate decoration and grandeur The transition room the classically minded Renaissance to the Baroque was foreshadowed by Michelangelo (1475-1564). His turbulent figures, their twisted bodies, reflect the baroque love of the dramatic Intensely religious Age of Reason: Galileo and Copernicus (Physics and astronomy; Descartes (mathematics); Spinal (Philosophy); Newton (Theory of gravity) Music in the Baroque Era The rise of the virtuoso musician. Great instrumental and vocal techniques Evolution of harmony and structure Interest for homophony (texture where a single melody stands out) Basso continuo: musical accompaniment by two instrumentalists, usually cello and ripcords. One played the bas line while the other played the harmonies (chords) Baroque musical style Vigorous rhythm Continuous melody Greater use of dissonance (for dramatic purposes ) of the affections: a piece or movement was built on a single affection, sometimes using the technique of text painting. This changed in the Classical and romantic eras. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Gambling motherhoods Composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher and priest (the red priest) Composed around 770 works indulging 477 concertos and 46 operas Author of The Four Seasons, a group of four violin concertos (with string orchestra and basso continuo). Spring In three movements: 1. Form Routinely A-b-a-c-a-d-a-b-a A= Spring B=birds C=brooks D=storm 2. Contemplative and evocative character. .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 , .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 .postImageUrl , .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 , .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9:hover , .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9:visited , .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9:active { border:0!important; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9:active , .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9 .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u96c331c3fb682da0120f5849e88c3ff9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stax Music History EssayA largo in % meter. Solo violin, two violins and a viola 3. Routinely. Dance tune in upper strings (routinely theme) and sustained notes (like bagpipe drone) in lower strings Johann Sebastian Bach (1685- 1750) Brandenburg Concert No. 2 In F major (1717-18) Its a Concerto Gross (Various soloist) Concertina: violin, oboe, flute and trumpet Tutu: violins 1 and 2, violas, double basses and basso continuo (cello and harpsichord). 1. Allegro (Routinely) 2. Andante (3/4 in D minor) 3. Allegro assai (Fugue. Soloists with basso continuo) The baroque suite Its a group of dancers with origins from different European regions. They contrast with each other in tempo, meter and/r character. Binary forms (A-B) predominate These had begun as popular dances. By the late Baroque they became abstract types of art music Suite for Violoncello No. L in G major, by J. S Bach. Prelude and Fugue in C minor from The well-tempered Clavier- J. S Bach Fugue